The impact of shipping on the air quality in European port cities with a detailed analysis for Rotterdam

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Atmospheric Environment: X Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100278
J.P. Tokaya , R. Kranenburg , R.M.A. Timmermans , P.W.H.G. Coenen , B. Kelly , J.S. Hullegie , T. Megaritis , G. Valastro
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Abstract

Air quality in cities with large maritime ports is considerably impacted by emissions from shipping activity which is of a growing relevance due to an increasing relative contribution. To explore the extent of shipping emissions to ambient air quality, simulations with the chemical transport model LOTOS-EUROS (LOng Term Ozone Simulation – EURopean Operational Smog model) were performed for the year 2018 at an approximate 1 × 1 km resolution for six European cities with large ports, i.e., Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Le Havre, and London. It was found that depending on the investigated city, 6.5%–62% of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration in the city centres is attributable to shipping activities. This corresponds to contributions of 1.8–11.5 μg/m3 to the ambient air NO2 concentrations. The average NO2 contribution of shipping in these six cities was 28% (7.1 μg/m3). The largest relative contribution was found for Le Havre where 62% (10.8 μg/m3) of the annual average NO2 concentration was caused by shipping emissions. The largest absolute contribution is found for the city centre of Hamburg with 11.5 μg/m3 (41%). The lowest absolute and relative contribution (respectively 1.8 μg/m3 and 6.5%) are found for London, also having the smallest port in terms of tonnage throughput, which is one of the influential factors that determine emission totals, investigated in this study. For the other investigated pollutants, i.e., PM2.5, PM10 and SO2, contributions from shipping were less pronounced with average contribution for all cities of 10% (1.2 μg/m3) 7% (1.5 μg/m3) and 4% (0.16 μg/m3) respectively. To assess the effect of model choices on these results, this study also looked into the choice of simulation resolution and relations between meteorological parameters and NO2 concentrations. Following simulations with varying chemical transport model resolutions (1 × 1 km to 24 × 24 km), it is found that a decrease in ambient air pollutant concentrations away from localized emission sources is more pronounced at higher (1 × 1 km) model resolutions and source contributions are influenced more significantly than total concentrations. Considering meteorology, generally low wind speeds (1–2 m/s) lead to high NO2 concentration in city centres. For the cities where the port is much closer to the city centre (e.g., London, Le Havre, Hamburg and Antwerp) the absolute NO2 concentrations as well as the contributions from shipping emissions become highest for windless conditions. The high concentrations (>60 μg/m3 NO2) only occur when wind speeds fall below 6 m/s.

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航运对欧洲港口城市空气质量的影响及对鹿特丹的详细分析
拥有大型海港的城市的空气质量深受航运活动排放物的影响,而航运活动排放物的相对影响越来越大。为了探究航运排放对环境空气质量的影响程度,我们使用化学传输模型 LOTOS-EUROS(LOng Term Ozone Simulation - EURopean Operational Smog model)对欧洲六个大型港口城市(即鹿特丹、安特卫普、汉堡、阿姆斯特丹、勒阿弗尔和伦敦)的 2018 年空气质量进行了模拟,分辨率约为 1 × 1 km。研究发现,根据调查城市的不同,市中心 6.5%-62% 的二氧化氮(NO2)浓度可归因于航运活动。这相当于 1.8-11.5 μg/m3 的环境空气二氧化氮浓度。在这六个城市中,航运对二氧化氮的平均贡献率为 28%(7.1 μg/m3)。相对贡献最大的城市是勒阿弗尔,其二氧化氮年平均浓度的 62% (10.8 μg/m3)是由航运排放造成的。绝对贡献最大的是汉堡市中心,为 11.5 μg/m3(41%)。伦敦的绝对值和相对值最小(分别为 1.8 μg/m3 和 6.5%),同时也是吞吐量最小的港口。对于其他调查的污染物,即 PM2.5、PM10 和二氧化硫,航运的贡献不太明显,所有城市的平均贡献率分别为 10%(1.2 μg/m3)、7%(1.5 μg/m3)和 4%(0.16 μg/m3)。为了评估模型选择对这些结果的影响,本研究还考察了模拟分辨率的选择以及气象参数与二氧化氮浓度之间的关系。在使用不同的化学传输模型分辨率(1 × 1 千米到 24 × 24 千米)进行模拟后发现,模型分辨率越高(1 × 1 千米),远离局部排放源的环境空气污染物浓度下降越明显,源贡献比总浓度受到的影响更大。考虑到气象因素,一般来说,低风速(1-2 米/秒)会导致市中心的二氧化氮浓度较高。对于港口距离市中心更近的城市(如伦敦、勒阿弗尔、汉堡和安特卫普),无风条件下的二氧化氮绝对浓度以及航运排放物的贡献率最高。只有当风速低于 6 米/秒时,才会出现高浓度(60 微克/立方米 NO2)。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Environment: X
Atmospheric Environment: X Environmental Science-Environmental Science (all)
CiteScore
8.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
47
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊最新文献
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