Descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer in India, 2012–2019: Insights from the National Cancer Registry Programme

Abstract

This study describes the epidemiology, clinical extent at diagnosis, and treatment modalities for prostate cancer in India. This study is a secondary analysis of primary prostate cancer data sourced from the National Cancer Registry Programme. Data from population-based cancer registry for the period 2012–2016 were used to estimate the incidence rates, including crude incidence rate (CR), age-adjusted incidence rate (AAR), age-specific rate, and cumulative risk. Trends in the AAR were assessed using join-point regression. Hospital-Based Cancer Registry data from 2012 to 2019 were used to describe the clinical extent of the cancer at diagnosis and the treatment modalities. The incidence of prostate cancers was higher in urban registries such as Delhi, Kamrup Urban, and Mumbai (AAR of 11.8 per 100,000, 10.9 per 100,000, and 9.7 per 100,000, respectively). Prostate cancer incidence showed a rise after the age of 50, with a notable acceleration after age 64. The overall annual percentage change for prostate cancer incidence from 1982 to 2016 was 2.6. Around 43.0% of all prostate cancers were diagnosed at the distant metastatic stage. Surgery and radiotherapy, either as standalone treatments or in combination with other modalities, contributed to the treatment of 78.5% of localized cancer, 74.2% of locoregional cancer, and 57.2% of distant metastatic stage of prostate cancer. There is heterogeneity in the incidence of prostate cancer, as evidenced by urban registries. Additionally, there is a need for downstaging the disease, without risking overdiagnosis.