Daily Light Integral, but Not the Photoperiod, Influences the Time to Flower and Finished Quality of Dianthus Specialty Cut Flowers

Abstract

Because of the burgeoning year-round demand, greenhouse growers across the United States are increasingly becoming interested in producing specialty cut flowers for local and regional markets. However, outdoor or high tunnel production is not possible year-round in northern latitudes because of low temperatures and radiation intensities experienced during the winter and early spring. Additionally, natural short days in these seasons can limit which photoperiodic crops can be grown. Thus, our objectives were to quantify the influence of the photoperiod and daily light integral (DLI) on greenhouse-grown dianthus ‘Amazon Neon Cherry’ and ‘Amazon Rose Magic’ (Dianthus barbatus interspecific) cut flowers during the young plant and finishing stages. Seeds of both cultivars were sown under 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 15-, or 16-hour photoperiods and a DLI of either ≈5 or 10 mol⋅m−2⋅d−1. After 4 weeks, seedlings from several young-plant photoperiods were distributed across 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-hour photoperiods or a 4-hour night interruption (NI) under a DLI of either ≈5 (low) or 14 (moderate) mol⋅m−2⋅d−1 for finishing. The young plant photoperiod generally had a statistical, but not commercial, influence on development and finished cut flower quality, whereas a 16-h finishing photoperiod marginally hastened development compared with an 11-hour finishing photoperiod. Additionally, stems were 11 to 13 cm longer when finished under the 16-hour photoperiod compared with those finished under the 11-hour photoperiod. Day length minimally influenced the time to flower and harvest, indicating a day-neutral flowering response. However, plants finished under a moderate DLI reached visible flower bud and were harvestable 9 to 10 days earlier than those finished under a low DLI. Additionally, ≈99% of cut flowers finished under a moderate DLI were harvestable, whereas only up to 32% and 57% of dianthus ‘Amazon Rose Magic’ and ‘Amazon Neon Cherry’, respectively, finished under a low DLI were harvestable. Although finished stem lengths were comparable between DLI treatments, cut flower stems were up to 29.6% thicker under a moderate DLI. These findings indicate that high-quality greenhouse-grown dianthus ‘Amazon Neon Cherry’ and ‘Amazon Rose Magic’ cut flowers can be produced when grown under any photoperiod between 9 and 16 hours for 4 weeks (during the young plant stage) and finished under any photoperiod between 11 and 16 hours or a 4-hour NI during finishing. If longer stems are desired, then plants can be finished under a 16-hour photoperiod. Young plants should be grown under a moderate DLI ≥10 mol⋅m−2⋅d−1 to promote biomass accumulation and reduce the young plant crop time. Additionally, plants should be finished under a moderate DLI ≥14 mol⋅m−2⋅d−1 to reduce crop time and increase stem thickness and yield.