Tungsten phosphide: a high-performance catalyst for determination of p-nitrophenol, a hazardous water pollutant

Abstract

As a typical toxic substance in environmental water, phenolic pollutants, represented by p-nitrophenol, pose a great threat to the ecological environment. In this study, using WCl₆ and oxalic acid as raw materials, a novel p-nitrophenol (PNP) sensor fabricated by tungsten phosphide (WP) nano-particles, has been successfully designed and constructed, which expanded the application of WP nano-materials in the field of electroanalysis. The successful synthesis of WP has been confirmed by a series of characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical experiments were all carried out in phosphate buffer solution with the pH of 6.5. The WP nano-particles can electrocatalytically oxidize PNP to produce a current for the detection of PNP. The reaction sites of PNP are predicted by Gaussian 09 and Multiwfn. Prominent performance has been recorded for PNP sensor, attaining a wide linear range from 10.00 to 6500.00 μM, a low detection limit of 1.59 μM with the reliable selectivity, repeatability, and stability. Gratifyingly, the prepared sensor could satisfy the requirements of PNP determination in actual environmental water, such as tap water and rainwater.