Tips and tricks for using cement augmentation of pedicle screws and vertebral body replacements—A literature review supported by two case reports

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of osteoporosis is escalating alongside an aging global population, increasing the demand for spinal surgeries, including those necessitating cement augmentation for enhanced construct stability.

Objective

This article delves into the nuanced application of cement augmentation techniques for pedicle screws and vertebral body replacements (VBR), aimed at optimizing surgical outcomes in osteoporotic spines.

Method

Drawing from a comprehensive literature review according to important clinical and biomechanical studies and the authors’ clinical experiences, we elucidate strategies to mitigate complications and improve surgical efficacy.

Results

Cement augmentation has shown promise in managing vertebral fractures and in securing pedicle screws within osteoporotic vertebrae, with the advent of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement marking a pivotal advancement in spinal surgery. We highlight intraoperative measures like the choice between pre-injecting cement and utilizing cannulated or fenestrated screws, emphasizing the importance of controlling cement viscosity to prevent leakage and embolism. Through two case reports, we demonstrate the practical application of endplate cementation following VBR.

Conclusion

While the use of cement augmentation poses certain risks, its judicious application—supported by evidence-based guidelines and surgical expertise—can substantially enhance the stability of spinal constructs in osteoporotic patients. This allows a reduction in instrumentation length by enhancing biomechanical stability concerning pullout, bending, and rotational forces. Furthermore, the incidence of endplate sintering following VBF can be significantly reduced. Future research, particularly on antibiotic-loaded PMMA, may further expand its utility and optimize its safety profile.