Hybrid Imaging: Calcium Score and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the top cause of death due to cardiovascular conditions worldwide, with someone suffering a myocardial infarction every 40 seconds. This highlights the importance of non-invasive imaging technologies like myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), which are crucial for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) early, even before symptoms appear. However, the reliance solely on MPI has shifted due to its limitations in definitively ruling out atherosclerosis, leading to the adoption of hybrid imaging techniques. Hybrid imaging combines computed tomography (CT) with MPI techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This integration, often within a single gantry system, enhances the diagnostic accuracy by allowing for attenuation correction (AC), acquisition of the coronary artery calcium score (CACS), and more precise tracing of radiotracer uptake. The built-in CT in modern MPI systems assists in these functions, which is essential for better diagnosis and risk assessment in patients. The addition of CACS to MPI, a method involving the assessment of calcified plaque in coronary arteries, notably enhances diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. CACS helps in identifying atherosclerosis and predicting potential cardiac events, facilitating personalized risk management and the initiation of tailored interventions like statins and aspirin. Such comprehensive imaging strategies not only improve the accuracy of detecting CAD but also help in stratifying patient risk more effectively. In this paper, we discuss how the incorporation of CAC into MPI protocols enhances the diagnostic sensitivity for detecting obstructive CAD, as evidenced by several studies where the addition of CAC to MPI has led to improved outcomes in diagnosing CAD. Moreover, CAC has been shown to unmask silent coronary atherosclerosis in patients with normal MPI results, highlighting its incremental diagnostic value. We will discuss the evolving role of hybrid imaging in guiding therapeutic decisions, particularly the use of statins for cardiovascular prevention. The integration of CAC assessment with MPI not only aids in the early detection and management of CAD but also optimizes therapeutic strategies, enhancing patient care through a more accurate and personalized approach. Such advancements underscore the need for further research to fully establish the benefits of combining CAC with MPI in the clinical assessment of cardiovascular risk.