The diabetic sausage toe: Prevalence, presentation and outcomes

Abstract

Osteomyelitis (OM) in diabetic foot infection could have many presentations such as an infected ulcer spreading to the bone or superimposed to Charcot neuroarthropathy. However, the sausage toe as a diabetic OM presentation was very rarely investigated; therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence and signs of this presentation along with treatment modalities and outcomes. This is a retrospective series of patients presenting a sausage toe on admission. Several methods were conducted to diagnose OM, and three treatment modalities were applied. Two groups were compared: acute and chronic sausage toes. Outcomes were defined as sausage toe prevalence, ulcer location, OM prevalence, and comparative treatment results. Out of 82 diabetic toe infection cases, 24 (30%) presented as ‘sausage toe’. The side of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the lateral toes was the most frequent ulcer location (50%), mostly on the dorsal aspect followed by the side aspect. There were 15 (62.5%) acute cases and 9 (37.5%) chronic cases. MRI showed signs of OM in 21 (87.5%) cases and signs of septic arthritis in 3 (12.5%) cases. At the final follow-up, a successful treatment was recorded in five (20%) cases with antibiotics alone. Out of the 19 (42%) procedures, conservative surgery was performed successfully in 8 (58%) cases while amputation was needed in 11 (45.8%) cases. There was no significant difference in amputation frequency between acute and chronic groups. This is the first study documenting the sausage toe as a prevalent presentation of diabetic toe infection. The deformity is conclusive of deep infection with a very high osteomyelitis frequency. Surgery is often required for infection control and healing, mainly for chronic cases, and treatment outcomes did not differ between acute and chronic sausage toe groups. It could be beneficial to include this entity in the diabetic wound classification systems.