Disturbed carnitine metabolism is independently correlated with sarcopenia and prognosis in patients on hemodialysis

Abstract

Background & aims

Sarcopenia is frequent in hemodialysis patients and associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes. Early identification of the risk of sarcopenia and effective intervention are of great importance for dialysis patients. However, little research has been carried out on potential biomarkers of sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum carnitine or acylcarnitine levels are biomarkers of sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients, and whether these are prognostic factors for occurrence of complications.

Methods

This prospective clinical pilot study enrolled patients (n = 259) who were treated in the Blood Purification Center from May 2021 to July 2022, all participants were followed-up for 1- year. Serum carnintine and acylcarnitine (AC) were measured using our previously reported targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The correlations between carnitine or acylcarnitine levels with sarcopenia and prognosis in patients were analysed.

Results

The C0 (Free carnitine, FC) and total carnitine (TC) levels were significantly lower in the sarcopenia group than in the nonsarcopenia group [nonsarcopenia vs. sarcopenia: 20.97 (16.96, 25.83) vs. 17.77 (14.30, 22.78); p = 0.002] and [nonsarcopenia vs. sarcopenia: 30.12 (24.76, 36.62) vs. 26.03 (21.30, 32.01); p = 0.003]. Besides, significant difference between the groups were noted in low free carnitine (C0 < 20 μmol/L) patients (nonsarcopenia vs. sarcopenia: 72 (42.4%) vs. 56 (62.9%); p = 0.002) and high C2/C0 ratio (>0.4) patients (nonsarcopenia vs. sarcopenia: 36 (21.2%) vs. 30 (33.7%); p = 0.028). By multivariable analysis, the disturbed CM defined as C0 deficient and/or C2/C0 carnitine ratio abnormal rise was independently and significantly correlated with the prevalence of sarcopenia after adjusting for some confounding factors, such as age, gender and dialysis duration (P values for trend <0.05). Hemodialysis patients with sarcopenia [OR: 3.214 (1.307,7.904)] and disturbed CM [OR: 3.217 (1.112,9.305)] both had a 3-fold increased risk of falling and fracture after one year follow up. In addition, age and sarcopenia [OR: 2.883 (1.321, 6.289)] were independently and positively associated with incidence of Cardio- and cerebro-vascular events.

Conclusion

Disturbed carnitine metabolism is independently correlated with sarcopenia and prognosis in patients with hemodialysis. Serum carnitine level and C0/C2 ratio has the potential to be a simple, objective, and quick test for sarcopenia assessment whether such an intervention should be carried out for dialysis patients.