Enhancing the Range and Reliability of the Spacer Layer Imaging Method

IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Tribology Letters Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI:10.1007/s11249-024-01890-0
Alexander MacLaren, Parker LaMascus, Robert W. Carpick
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Abstract

The spacer layer imaging method (SLIM) is widely used to measure the thickness of additive and lubricant films, in lubricant development and evaluation, and for fundamental research into elastohydrodynamic lubrication and tribofilm formation mechanisms. The film thickness measurement, as implemented on several popular tribometers, provides powerful, non-destructive in-situ mapping of film topography with nanometre-scale height sensitivity. However, the results can be highly sensitive to experimental procedure, machine condition, and image analysis, in some cases reporting unphysical film thickness trends. The prevailing image analysis techniques make it challenging to interrogate these errors, often hiding their multivariate nonlinear behaviour from the user by spatial averaging. Herein, several common ‘silent errors’ in the SLIM measurement, including colour matching to incorrect fringe orders, and colour drift due to the optical properties of the system or film itself, are discussed, with examples. A robust suite of novel a priori and a posteriori methods to address these issues, and to improve the accuracy and reliability of the measurement, are also presented, including a novel, computationally inexpensive circle-finding algorithm for automated image processing. In combination, these methods allow reliable mapping of films up to at least 800 nm in thickness, representing a significant milestone for the utility of SLIM applied to elastohydrodynamic contact.

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提高间隔层成像方法的范围和可靠性
间隔层成像法 (SLIM) 广泛用于测量添加剂和润滑油薄膜的厚度、润滑油开发和评估,以及弹性流体动力润滑和三膜形成机制的基础研究。薄膜厚度测量是在几种常用的摩擦磨损仪上实现的,它提供了强大的、非破坏性的、具有纳米级高度灵敏度的薄膜形貌原位绘图。然而,测量结果对实验过程、机器条件和图像分析非常敏感,在某些情况下会报告出不符合实际的薄膜厚度趋势。现有的图像分析技术很难对这些误差进行分析,通常会通过空间平均法向用户隐藏这些误差的多变量非线性行为。在此,我们以实例讨论了 SLIM 测量中常见的几种 "无声误差",包括与不正确的条纹阶数相匹配的颜色,以及系统或薄膜本身的光学特性导致的颜色漂移。此外,还介绍了一整套新颖的先验和后验方法来解决这些问题,并提高测量的准确性和可靠性,其中包括一种用于自动图像处理的计算成本低廉的新颖找圈算法。结合这些方法,可以对厚度至少达 800 nm 的薄膜进行可靠的测绘,是将 SLIM 应用于弹性流体力学接触的一个重要里程碑。
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来源期刊
Tribology Letters
Tribology Letters 工程技术-工程:化工
CiteScore
5.30
自引率
9.40%
发文量
116
审稿时长
2.5 months
期刊介绍: Tribology Letters is devoted to the development of the science of tribology and its applications, particularly focusing on publishing high-quality papers at the forefront of tribological science and that address the fundamentals of friction, lubrication, wear, or adhesion. The journal facilitates communication and exchange of seminal ideas among thousands of practitioners who are engaged worldwide in the pursuit of tribology-based science and technology.
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