Transposon and Transgene Tribulations in Mosquitoes: A Perspective of piRNA Proportions.

DNA Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-30 DOI:10.3390/dna4020006
Nelson C Lau, Vanessa M Macias
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Abstract

Mosquitoes, like Drosophila, are dipterans, the order of "true flies" characterized by a single set of two wings. Drosophila are prime model organisms for biomedical research, while mosquito researchers struggle to establish robust molecular biology in these that are arguably the most dangerous vectors of human pathogens. Both insects utilize the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to generate small RNAs to silence transposons and viruses, yet details are emerging that several RNAi features are unique to each insect family, such as how culicine mosquitoes have evolved extreme genomic feature differences connected to their unique RNAi features. A major technical difference in the molecular genetic studies of these insects is that generating stable transgenic animals are routine in Drosophila but still variable in stability in mosquitoes, despite genomic DNA-editing advances. By comparing and contrasting the differences in the RNAi pathways of Drosophila and mosquitoes, in this review we propose a hypothesis that transgene DNAs are possibly more intensely targeted by mosquito RNAi pathways and chromatin regulatory pathways than in Drosophila. We review the latest findings on mosquito RNAi pathways, which are still much less well understood than in Drosophila, and we speculate that deeper study into how mosquitoes modulate transposons and viruses with Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) will yield clues to improving transgene DNA expression stability in transgenic mosquitoes.

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蚊子中的转座子和转基因磨难:piRNA 比例透视。
蚊子和果蝇一样,都是双翅目昆虫,是 "真正的苍蝇",有一对翅膀。果蝇是生物医学研究的主要模式生物,而蚊子则是人类病原体最危险的传播媒介,研究人员正努力在这些昆虫身上建立强大的分子生物学。这两种昆虫都利用 RNA 干扰(RNAi)途径产生小 RNA,以抑制转座子和病毒,但有一些细节表明,RNAi 的一些特征是每个昆虫家族所独有的,例如秆蚊是如何进化出与其独特的 RNAi 特征有关的极端基因组特征差异的。对这些昆虫进行分子遗传学研究的一个主要技术差异是,尽管基因组 DNA 编辑技术不断进步,但在果蝇中产生稳定的转基因动物已是家常便饭,而在蚊子中产生稳定的转基因动物仍是千差万别。通过比较和对比果蝇和蚊子在 RNAi 途径上的差异,我们在这篇综述中提出了一个假设,即与果蝇相比,蚊子的 RNAi 途径和染色质调控途径可能更强烈地针对转基因 DNA。我们回顾了关于蚊子 RNAi 途径的最新发现,对这些途径的了解还远不及果蝇。我们推测,深入研究蚊子如何用 Piwi-interacting RNAs(piRNAs)调节转座子和病毒,将为提高转基因蚊子 DNA 表达的稳定性提供线索。
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DNA
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