Why cysts of Alexandrium catenella and/or A. pacificum (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) do not remain in sediments as fossils?

IF 16.4 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105161

Takuto Ando , Karin Zonneveld , Gerard J.M. Versteegh , Mika Ishigaki , Tatsuyuki Yamamoto , Kazumi Matsuoka

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Abstract

The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium contains a number of species that produce paralytic shellfish toxins and have been the focus of attention as toxic plankton for harmless algal studies. Among Alexandrium species, A. catenella and A. pacificum form ellipsoidal-shaped resting cysts, which are preserved in marine sediments, and have attracted attention as potential seeds for future proliferation after favorable environmental conditions ~~environmental improvement.~~ However, although these cysts are preserved in surface of marine sediments, there is no record of their occurrence from solidified sediments as fossils. In order to clarify the reason for this, we investigated the differences in the chemical composition of cyst walls between colorless cyst of Alexandrium catenella/pacificum and Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Polysphaeridium zoharyi, Spiniferites spp. by measuring the thickness of cyst walls and using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy. The results showed that the cyst wall of A. catenella/pacificum and L. machaerophorum were all composed of cellulosic organic matter. However, A. catenella/pacificum have the higher percentage of α −/β-glucosidic linkages and that the thickness of their cyst walls is about one-third of that of L. machaerophorum. Therefore, these are reasons for the cysts of A. catenella/pacificum being more easily degraded in the sediment.

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为什么亚力山大菌（Gonyaulacales）和/或太平洋亚力山大菌（A. pacificum）的孢囊不会作为化石留在沉积物中？

甲藻属（Alexandrium）中有许多种类会产生麻痹性贝类毒素，一直是无害藻类研究中有毒浮游生物的关注焦点。在亚历山大藻种中，A. catenella 和 A. pacificum 形成椭圆形的静止囊肿，保存在海洋沉积物中，在有利的环境条件得到改善后，作为未来增殖的潜在种子而受到关注。然而，虽然这些孢囊保存在海洋沉积物的表面，却没有记录表明它们作为化石出现在凝固的沉积物中。为了弄清其中的原因，我们通过测量囊壁的厚度，并利用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和拉曼光谱（Raman Spectroscopy），研究了亚历山大/太平洋褐藻（Alexandrium catenella/pacificum）的无色囊壁与Lingulodinium machaerophorum、Polysphaeridium zoharyi、Spiniferites spp.的囊壁化学成分的差异。结果表明，A. catenella/pacificum 和 L. machaerophorum 的囊壁均由纤维素有机物组成。但 A. catenella/pacificum 的 α -/β -葡糖苷键比例较高，且其囊壁厚度约为 L. machaerophorum 的三分之一。因此，这些都是 A. catenella/pacificum 的包囊更容易在沉积物中降解的原因。

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.