The development of 177Lu-DOTA-CC-PSMA following a unified “Click Chemistry” protocol of synthesizing metal nuclide-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals

Abstract

Background

Currently, the synthesis pathway of metal nuclide-labeled radiopharmaceuticals is mainly divided into two steps: first, connecting the chelator with the target molecule, and second, labeling the metal nuclide to the chelator. However, the second step of the reaction to label the metal nuclide requires high temperature (90–100 °C), which tends to denature and inactivate the target molecule, leading to loss of biological activities, especially the targeting ability. A feasible solution may be the click chemistry labeling method, which consists of reacting a metal nuclide with a chelating agent to generate an intermediate and then synthesizing a radiopharmaceutical agent via the click chemistry intermediate and the target molecule-alkyne compound. In this study, through the click chemistry of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-N₃ with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-alkyne compound, ¹⁷⁷Lu-labeled PSMA-targeted molecular probe was synthesized and evaluated for its potential to be cleared from the bloodstream and rapidly distributed to tissues and organs, achieving a high target/non-target ratio. ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 was utilized as an analogue for comparison in terms of synthesizing efficiency and PSMA-targeting ability.

Results

A novel ¹⁷⁷Lu-labeled PSMA radioligand was successfully synthesized through the click chemistry of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-N₃ with PSMA-alkyne compound, and abbreviated as ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-CC-PSMA, achieving a radiochemical yield of 77.07% ± 0.03% (n = 6) and a radiochemical purity of 97.62% ± 1.49% (n = 6) when purified by SepPak C18 column. Notably, ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-CC-PSMA was characterized as a hydrophilic compound that exhibited stability at room temperature and commendable pharmacokinetic properties, such as the superior uptake (19.75 ± 3.02%ID/g at 0.5 h) and retention (9.14 ± 3.16%ID/g at 24 h) within xenografts of 22Rv1 tumor-bearing mice. SPECT/CT imaging indicated that radioactivity in both kidneys and bladder was essentially eliminated after 24 h, while ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-CC-PSMA was further enriched and retained in PSMA-expressing tumors, resulting in the high target/non-target ratio.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the potential of click chemistry to unify the synthesis of metal radiopharmaceuticals, and ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-CC-PSMA was found for rapid clearance and appropriate chemical stability as a PSMA-targeted radioligand.