Colorimetric sensor array for identifying antioxidants based on pyrolysis-free synthesis of Fe–N/C single-atom nanozymes

Abstract

Iron-anchored nitrogen/doped carbon single-atom nanozymes (Fe–N/C), which possess homogeneous active sites and adjustable catalytic environment, represent an exemplary model for investigating the structure-function relationship and catalytic activity. However, the development of pyrolysis-free synthesis technique for Fe–N/C with adjustable enzyme-mimicking activity still presents a significant challenge. Herein, Fe–N/C anchored three carrier morphologies were created via a pyrolysis-free approach by covalent organic polymers. The peroxidase-like activity of these Fe–N/C nanozymes was regulated via the pores of the anchored carrier, resulting in varying electron transfer efficiency due to disparities in contact efficacy between substrates and catalytic sites within diverse microenvironments. Additionally, a colorimetric sensor array for identifying antioxidants was developed: (1) the Fe–N/C catalytically oxidized two substrates TMB and ABTS, respectively; (2) the development of a colorimetric sensor array utilizing oxTMB and oxABTS as sensing channels enabled accurate discrimination of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), gallic acid (GA), and caffeic acid (CA). Subsequently, the sensor array underwent rigorous testing to validate its performance, including assessment of antioxidant mixtures and individual antioxidants at varying concentrations, as well as target antioxidants and interfering substances. In general, the present study offered valuable insights into the active origin and rational design of nanozyme materials, and highlighting their potential applications in food analysis.