Biosynthesized Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles: In-Vitro Comparative Study for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Graphene-based materials have been the subject of extensive research due to its exceptional ability to kill a diverse array of microorganisms. The benefits of graphene-based materials include ease of fabrication, renewable resources, special catalytic properties, and remarkable physical properties including tensile strength and a large specific surface area. Our study utilizes an environmental method (laser production) to produce GONPs. GONPs are tested as potential; this study assesses the molecular docking simulation, anti-microbial, against clinically pathogenic strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus. Antioxidant by DPPH assay and anti-cancer properties of graphene nanoparticles (GONPs) with Doxorubicin on lung cancer (A549 cell line). TEM images demonstrated types of produced GO-NP spherical nanoparticles with a size ranging at approximately 15–40 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the morphological and topological characteristics of the NPs. The structural and crystal characteristics were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among the anti-bacterial-evaluated GONPs, concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml exhibited the most substantial growth inhibition zone against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus. The molecular docking simulation of GONP-OH modified gave more effective results against Bacillus cereus bacterial organism (ID: 5V8D) and (ID: 5GT6). Conversely, the highest anti-biofilm activity was observed against Bacillus cereus than Klebsiella pneumoniae, notably with 100 µg/ml GONPs. On the toxicity examination of cancer cells, the impact of nanoparticles was investigated. The produced nanoparticles had a higher cytotoxicity rate. The cytotoxicity of GONP alone, Doxorubicin alone, and/or combination therapy (GONP + Doxorubicin) found to be in 25 µg/ml concentration and time dependent manner also increased as combination therapy. The analysis for cell cytotoxicity revealed a noteworthy decrease in the number of cancer cells after GONP + Doxorubicin were treated for 72 h. The average cell cytotoxicity of GONP +Doxorubicin were 54, 61.31, and 76.41% for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Both GONPs exhibited higher cell toxicity and cell death contract control. Additional GONPs showed strong antioxidant properties by DPPH assay. The present research demonstrates the advantageous effectiveness of a simpler production procedure, like laser production, for producing high-purity nanoparticles with low hazard that may be utilized as future possible cancer therapies.