Sensory sentinels: Neuroimmune detection and food allergy

IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Immunological Reviews Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI:10.1111/imr.13375
Peri R. Matatia, Elena Christian, Caroline L. Sokol
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Abstract

Food allergy is classically characterized by an inappropriate type-2 immune response to allergenic food antigens. However, how allergens are detected and how that detection leads to the initiation of allergic immunity is poorly understood. In addition to the gastrointestinal tract, the barrier epithelium of the skin may also act as a site of food allergen sensitization. These barrier epithelia are densely innervated by sensory neurons, which respond to diverse physical environmental stimuli. Recent findings suggest that sensory neurons can directly detect a broad array of immunogens, including allergens, triggering sensory responses and the release of neuropeptides that influence immune cell function. Reciprocally, immune mediators modulate the activation or responsiveness of sensory neurons, forming neuroimmune feedback loops that may impact allergic immune responses. By utilizing cutaneous allergen exposure as a model, this review explores the pivotal role of sensory neurons in allergen detection and their dynamic bidirectional communication with the immune system, which ultimately orchestrates the type-2 immune response. Furthermore, it sheds light on how peripheral signals are integrated within the central nervous system to coordinate hallmark features of allergic reactions. Drawing from this emerging evidence, we propose that atopy arises from a dysregulated neuroimmune circuit.

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感官哨兵:神经免疫检测和食物过敏。
食物过敏的典型特征是对致敏食物抗原产生不适当的 2 型免疫反应。然而,人们对过敏原如何被检测到以及检测到的过敏原如何导致过敏免疫的启动还知之甚少。除了胃肠道,皮肤的屏障上皮也可能是食物过敏原致敏的部位。这些屏障上皮密集地接受感觉神经元的支配,这些神经元会对各种物理环境刺激做出反应。最新研究结果表明,感觉神经元可直接检测包括过敏原在内的多种免疫原,从而引发感觉反应并释放影响免疫细胞功能的神经肽。反过来,免疫介质会调节感觉神经元的激活或反应性,形成可能影响过敏性免疫反应的神经免疫反馈回路。本综述以暴露于皮肤过敏原为模型,探讨了感觉神经元在过敏原检测中的关键作用及其与免疫系统的动态双向交流,这种交流最终协调了 2 型免疫反应。此外,它还揭示了外周信号如何在中枢神经系统中整合,以协调过敏反应的标志性特征。根据这些新出现的证据,我们提出,过敏症源于神经免疫回路失调。
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来源期刊
Immunological Reviews
Immunological Reviews 医学-免疫学
CiteScore
16.20
自引率
1.10%
发文量
118
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Immunological Reviews is a specialized journal that focuses on various aspects of immunological research. It encompasses a wide range of topics, such as clinical immunology, experimental immunology, and investigations related to allergy and the immune system. The journal follows a unique approach where each volume is dedicated solely to a specific area of immunological research. However, collectively, these volumes aim to offer an extensive and up-to-date overview of the latest advancements in basic immunology and their practical implications in clinical settings.
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