{"title":"Thermo-oxidative aging of natural rubber: experimental study and a thermodynamically consistent mechanical-chemical-diffusion model","authors":"A. Jalalpour, J. Arghavani, R. Naghdabadi","doi":"10.1007/s00161-024-01317-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Elastomers have diverse properties that make them suitable for use in many industrial applications. Natural Rubber, in particular, is an attractive elastomer due to its desirable mechanical properties as well as lightweight compared to metals. However, due to the natural rubber structure, these elastomers are susceptible to heat, oxidation, and chemical compounds, which limits their potential use. In this paper, in order to study the behavior of natural rubber under thermo-oxidative aging, experiments, including continuous stress relaxation, creep, and intermittent tensile tests, are carried out on the samples. Based on the experimental results and using dynamic-network model, a mechanical-chemical-diffusion model is proposed to predict the changes in natural rubber properties during thermo-oxidative aging considering the effect of the natural rubber curing system. In the chemical part of the model, the two main process of aging, including chain scission and crosslinking, are modeled by using two internal variables. The proposed model is implemented using the finite element method to simulate experimental tests for the model verification. The comparisons demonstrate the proposed model ability to accurately simulate the various loading states under thermo-oxidative aging of natural rubber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":525,"journal":{"name":"Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics","volume":"36 6","pages":"1579 - 1595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00161-024-01317-0","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MECHANICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Elastomers have diverse properties that make them suitable for use in many industrial applications. Natural Rubber, in particular, is an attractive elastomer due to its desirable mechanical properties as well as lightweight compared to metals. However, due to the natural rubber structure, these elastomers are susceptible to heat, oxidation, and chemical compounds, which limits their potential use. In this paper, in order to study the behavior of natural rubber under thermo-oxidative aging, experiments, including continuous stress relaxation, creep, and intermittent tensile tests, are carried out on the samples. Based on the experimental results and using dynamic-network model, a mechanical-chemical-diffusion model is proposed to predict the changes in natural rubber properties during thermo-oxidative aging considering the effect of the natural rubber curing system. In the chemical part of the model, the two main process of aging, including chain scission and crosslinking, are modeled by using two internal variables. The proposed model is implemented using the finite element method to simulate experimental tests for the model verification. The comparisons demonstrate the proposed model ability to accurately simulate the various loading states under thermo-oxidative aging of natural rubber.
期刊介绍：
This interdisciplinary journal provides a forum for presenting new ideas in continuum and quasi-continuum modeling of systems with a large number of degrees of freedom and sufficient complexity to require thermodynamic closure. Major emphasis is placed on papers attempting to bridge the gap between discrete and continuum approaches as well as micro- and macro-scales, by means of homogenization, statistical averaging and other mathematical tools aimed at the judicial elimination of small time and length scales. The journal is particularly interested in contributions focusing on a simultaneous description of complex systems at several disparate scales. Papers presenting and explaining new experimental findings are highly encouraged. The journal welcomes numerical studies aimed at understanding the physical nature of the phenomena.
Potential subjects range from boiling and turbulence to plasticity and earthquakes. Studies of fluids and solids with nonlinear and non-local interactions, multiple fields and multi-scale responses, nontrivial dissipative properties and complex dynamics are expected to have a strong presence in the pages of the journal. An incomplete list of featured topics includes: active solids and liquids, nano-scale effects and molecular structure of materials, singularities in fluid and solid mechanics, polymers, elastomers and liquid crystals, rheology, cavitation and fracture, hysteresis and friction, mechanics of solid and liquid phase transformations, composite, porous and granular media, scaling in statics and dynamics, large scale processes and geomechanics, stochastic aspects of mechanics. The journal would also like to attract papers addressing the very foundations of thermodynamics and kinetics of continuum processes. Of special interest are contributions to the emerging areas of biophysics and biomechanics of cells, bones and tissues leading to new continuum and thermodynamical models.
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