Electoral Violence in England and Wales, 1832–1914

IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI:10.1093/pastj/gtae017
Luke Blaxill, Gidon Cohen, Gary Hutchison, Patrick M Kuhn, Nick Vivyan
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Abstract

This article analyses over 19,000 articles from newspapers and parliamentary commission reports to reveal endemic electoral violence in England and Wales between 1832 and 1914. It offers a new understanding of the phenomenon in three main ways. First, the extent of election violence, which regularly featured major riots requiring police and military intervention, disturbances of the peace, and deaths, questions conventional understandings of Britain's comparatively peaceful political development through a century of gradual suffrage expansion, rising literacy and economic development. Second, the trajectory of the electoral violence, which peaked in the period after the Second Reform Act of 1867 rather than after the Great Reform Act of 1832, challenges the linearity of these accounts. Third, despite the recent historiographical emphasis on explaining electoral violence as a ritual expression of discontent, much violence resulted from elites strategizing to win elections. Electoral violence occurred disproportionately when and where it was most useful to candidates and parties, and often involved the previously overlooked figure of the ‘hired rough’: men employed to disrupt elections by force. We thus advance a political, rather than cultural, explanation for electoral violence.
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1832-1914 年英格兰和威尔士的选举暴力
本文分析了报纸和议会委员会报告中的 19,000 多篇文章,揭示了 1832 年至 1914 年间英格兰和威尔士普遍存在的选举暴力现象。文章主要从三个方面对这一现象提出了新的认识。首先,选举暴力的程度(经常发生需要警察和军队干预的重大骚乱、扰乱治安和死亡事件)质疑了人们对英国一个世纪以来逐步扩大选举权、提高识字率和发展经济的相对和平的政治发展的传统理解。其次,选举暴力的轨迹在 1867 年《第二次改革法案》之后而不是 1832 年《大改革法案》之后达到顶峰,这对这些描述的线性关系提出了挑战。第三,尽管最近的史学界强调将选举暴力解释为不满情绪的仪式表达,但许多暴力事件都是精英们为赢得选举而制定策略的结果。选举暴力在对候选人和政党最有利的时间和地点不成比例地发生,而且往往涉及以前被忽视的 "雇佣粗暴者":受雇以武力破坏选举的人。因此,我们对选举暴力提出了政治而非文化方面的解释。
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来源期刊
Past & Present
Past & Present Multiple-
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
5.60%
发文量
49
期刊介绍: Founded in 1952, Past & Present is widely acknowledged to be the liveliest and most stimulating historical journal in the English-speaking world. The journal offers: •A wide variety of scholarly and original articles on historical, social and cultural change in all parts of the world. •Four issues a year, each containing five or six major articles plus occasional debates and review essays. •Challenging work by young historians as well as seminal articles by internationally regarded scholars. •A range of articles that appeal to specialists and non-specialists, and communicate the results of the most recent historical research in a readable and lively form. •A forum for debate, encouraging productive controversy.
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