Anxiety in patients with venous thromboembolism: quantification and risk factors in a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background

Patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at risk of psychological consequences. However, as opposed to physical sequelae of VTE, mental health issues are understudied.

Objectives

To assess anxiety after VTE and investigate associated clinical characteristics.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study, including patients with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism. Patients with cancer, pregnancy, or puerperium were excluded. Anxiety was assessed with the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System short form 8a. Standardized T-scores were calculated (reference, 50; SD, 10), with higher values indicating more anxiety. We associated clinical characteristics at baseline with T-scores at 3-month follow-up in a multivariable linear regression model. Patient clusters depending on anxiety trajectories were explored.

Results

We included 257 patients (38.5% women) with a median (IQR) age of 54.1 (42.2-63.5) years. While mean (SD) T-scores decreased from baseline to follow-up (51.03 [9.18] to 46.74 [8.89]; P < .001), we observed an increase in 23.7% of all patients. Female sex (T-score change, 3.09; 95% CI, 0.96-5.22), older age until 45 years, and anxiety at baseline were associated with increased T-scores at follow-up. VTE history (−1.55; 95% CI, −3.62 to 0.52) and pulmonary embolism (−1.23; 95% CI, −3.16 to 0.69) were associated with reduced T-scores, albeit not reaching statistical significance. In a cluster of older female patients with DVT, anxiety tended to increase over time.

Conclusion

While most patients with VTE reported reduced anxiety over time, some patients experienced worsening. Female sex, older age, more anxiety at baseline, no VTE history, and DVT were associated with increased anxiety 3 months after VTE.