Polystyrene nanofibers containing ZIF-8 and ZnO nanoparticles as an effective fibrous respiratory mask filter for rejection of air pollutions

Abstract

In this study, modification of regular masks using composite nanofibers containing porous nanostructures has been considered in order to increase their efficiency in dealing with new threats. For this purpose, polystyrene was used as a low-cost polymer to prepare nanofibers and modify the surface of the respirator mask. ZIF-8 nanostructures with different sizes (14, 23, 65,144, and 265 nm) and zinc oxide nanoparticles, with an approximate size of 36 nm, were added to polymer nanofibers.2-methyl imidazole and Zn(NO₃)₂ were used to synthesize nanostructures. Two different methods (injection and stabilization) were used to incorporate nanostructures into fibers. The percentage of ZIF-8 and ZnO nanostructures were 0.5 and 2 wt% respects to polystyrene, respectively. Synthesis reactions and preparation of fibrous filters were carried out at ambient temperature. FESEM, FTIR, EDAX, TGA, and XRD techniques were used to identify the prepared nanoparticles and fibers. To evaluate the performance of the modified filters, their efficiency in removing suspended particles below 2.5 microns as well as CO₂, SO₂ and NO₂ gases was surveyed. The results showed that ZIF nanoparticles with arbitrary sizes have been synthesized and successfully stabilized on the surface of nanofibers. Modifying the surface of the commercial mask by electrospinning method resulted in forming a fibrous layer with an approximate diameter of 700 nm and the presence of stabilized nanostructures in both methods was confirmed using FESEM images. Adding the nanofibers to the surface of the filter significantly increased their efficiency in removing suspended particles and toxic gases. The optimized modified filter contained ZIF-8 with14nm dimension and could remove sub-micron particles, CO₂, NO₂, and SO₂ gases by 99, 91, 87, and 86%, respectively, making it as effective as commercially available N-95 masks. Moreover, it was observed that the incorporation of nanostructures by the stabilization method was more effective in improving the filtering efficiency of the fibrous mask.