Ten-year statewide cross-sectional review of pediatric sinogenic intracranial abscess and empyema in Queensland, Australia: microbial profile before and after COVID-19.

Abstract

Objective: Sinogenic intracranial infections in children, such as subdural empyema or intracranial abscess, are a rare disease process with significant associated morbidity. Recent literature has suggested that there may have been an increase in frequency of these infections following the COVID-19 pandemic, but the literature has been conflicting, perhaps related to the heterogenous management of COVID-19 lockdowns in various states and differences in data capture between methods. The collection of statewide Australian data overcomes these limitations by capturing a comprehensive sample though the public healthcare system of patients who were subject to a homogeneous statewide approach to public health policy during the COVID-19 pandemic (population 5.6 million, including 1.3 million children). The objective of this study was to present population-level data to address the question of whether the incidence of intracranial infections changed in pediatric patients before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The authors present a retrospective 10-year statewide description of sinogenic intracranial infections in Queensland, Australia. A comparison was made between the incidence and microbiological profile before and after the onset of COVID-19 lockdowns on March 22, 2020.

Results: Forty-four pediatric intracranial infections undergoing neurosurgical intervention were identified within the review period. After exclusion of postsurgical and cardioembolic causes, 33 sinogenic intracranial infections were included (16 before and 17 after 2020, with a mean annualized incidence of 0.25 vs 0.37 cases per 100,000 children, respectively; p > 0.05). The most frequent organisms identified were Streptococcus milleri (n = 19), polymicrobial (n = 4), and S. aureus (n = 3). No significant differences in antimicrobial profile, susceptibility, parenchymal involvement, or clinical outcome were identified between the pre- and post-COVID-19 groups.

Conclusions: No statistically significant differences in the epidemiology of pediatric intracranial infection have occurred in the state of Queensland, Australia, before and after March 22, 2020, and the COVID-19 pandemic.