Torque about electrostatically charged spheres makes them more attractive†

Abstract

The strength of interparticle interactions in a granular system controls how a collection of insulating particles flow, cohere and fragment. Forces due to electrostatic charging, particularly in free-fall or low gravity environments, can dominate the static and dynamic interactions with important implications for understanding natural and industrial processes. Here we show that shaking of homogeneous, spherical particles can result in a non-uniform surface charge distribution. The measured dipole moment and torque for each particle are found to be strongly correlated. However, our model shows that to predict the torque and force requires one to consider the full surface charge distribution. This overlooked torque is not only significant, but would amplify attractive interactions through particle reorientation.