Barriers and facilitators of screening postpartum depression by primary maternal health workers: A mixed methods study based on the normalization process theory

Abstract

Background

Postpartum depression (PPD) significantly impacts mothers and children's health. China aims to incorporate PPD screening in postpartum home visits, but research on implementation barriers and facilitators is scarce. We designed and implemented a new PPD screening program in Changsha, China, requiring maternal health workers to integrate PPD screening into their postpartum home visits.

Aims

To identify real-world barriers and facilitators associated with integrating PPD screening into routine home visits from the perspective of maternal health workers.

Methods

We employed a mixed-methods approach. Maternal health workers involved in the newly introduced PPD screening program were included. Guided by Normalization Process Theory (NPT), quantitative data were collected using the NoMAD instrument, and qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for the survey and thematic analysis for the interviews.

Results

All 42 maternal health workers involved in the new PPD program completed the quantitative survey, and nine participated in qualitative interviews. The NoMAD survey revealed high scores for Coherence and Cognitive Participation, but lower scores for Collective Action, particularly regarding insufficient skills and resource adequacy. Thematic analysis identified several barriers, including workload concerns, the need for enhanced psychological healthcare capacity, and lack of economic incentives. Facilitators included the integration of structured feedback and clear referral pathways.

Conclusion

Addressing identified barriers through targeted skill training, well-defined referral pathways, and formal recognition of the screening program in performance evaluations could help achieve successful normalization.