The viral origins of breast cancer.

IF 3.1 2区医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Infectious Agents and Cancer Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI:10.1186/s13027-024-00595-2

James S Lawson, Wendy K Glenn

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Abstract

During the past two decades evidence has been developed that indicates a handful of viruses with known oncogenic capacity, have potential roles in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV - the cause of breast cancer in mice), high-risk human papilloma viruses (HPV-the cause of cervical cancer), Epstein Barr virus (EBV-the cause of lymphomas and naso-pharyngeal cancer) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV - the cause of cancers in cattle). These viruses may act alone or in combination. Each of these viruses are significantly more prevalent in breast cancers than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. The odds ratios for the prevalence of these viruses in breast cancer compared to normal and benign breast controls, are based on case control studies - MMTV 13·40, HPV 5.56, EBV 4·43 and BLV 2·57. The odds ratios for MMTV are much greater compared to the other three viruses. The evidence for a causal role for mouse mammary tumour virus and high risk for cancer human papilloma viruses in human breast cancer is increasingly comprehensive. The evidence for Epstein Barr virus and bovine leukemia virus is more limited. Overall the evidence is substantial in support of a viral cause of breast cancer.

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乳腺癌的病毒起源

在过去的二十年中，有证据表明，一些已知具有致癌能力的病毒在乳腺癌中具有潜在的作用。这些病毒包括小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒（MMTV--小鼠乳腺癌的病因）、高危人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV--宫颈癌的病因）、爱泼斯坦巴氏病毒（EBV--淋巴瘤和鼻咽癌的病因）和牛白血病病毒（BLV--牛癌症的病因）。这些病毒可能单独作用，也可能混合作用。这些病毒在乳腺癌中的流行率均明显高于正常和良性乳腺组织对照组。与正常和良性乳腺对照组相比，这些病毒在乳腺癌中流行的几率比是根据病例对照研究得出的--MMTV 13-40、HPV 5.56、EBV 4-43 和 BLV 2-57。与其他三种病毒相比，MMTV 的几率要大得多。小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒和高致癌风险人乳头状瘤病毒在人类乳腺癌中的因果作用的证据越来越全面。爱泼斯坦巴氏病毒和牛白血病病毒的证据则较为有限。总体而言，有大量证据支持乳腺癌是由病毒引起的。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Infectious Agents and Cancer ONCOLOGY-IMMUNOLOGY

CiteScore

5.80

自引率

2.70%

发文量

期刊介绍： Infectious Agents and Cancer is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of basic, clinical, epidemiological and translational research providing an insight into the association between chronic infections and cancer. The journal welcomes submissions in the pathogen-related cancer areas and other related topics, in particular: • HPV and anogenital cancers, as well as head and neck cancers; • EBV and Burkitt lymphoma; • HCV/HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as lymphoproliferative diseases; • HHV8 and Kaposi sarcoma; • HTLV and leukemia; • Cancers in Low- and Middle-income countries. The link between infection and cancer has become well established over the past 50 years, and infection-associated cancer contribute up to 16% of cancers in developed countries and 33% in less developed countries. Preventive vaccines have been developed for only two cancer-causing viruses, highlighting both the opportunity to prevent infection-associated cancers by vaccination and the gaps that remain before vaccines can be developed for other cancer-causing agents. These gaps are due to incomplete understanding of the basic biology, natural history, epidemiology of many of the pathogens that cause cancer, the mechanisms they exploit to cause cancer, and how to interrupt progression to cancer in human populations. Early diagnosis or identification of lesions at high risk of progression represent the current most critical research area of the field supported by recent advances in genomics and proteomics technologies.