Modulation of dynamic DNA G-quadruplex structures in the hTERT promoter region by ligands

Abstract

Small molecules can inhibit cellular processes such as replication and transcription by binding to the promoter regions that are prone to form G-quadruplexes. However, since G-quadruplexes exist throughout the human genome, the G-quadruplex binders suffer from specificity issues. To tackle this problem, a G-quadruplex binder (Pyridostatin, or PDS) is conjugated with a ligand (Polyamide, or PA) that can specifically recognize DNA sequences flanking the G-quadruplex forming region. The binding mechanism of this hybrid ligand to the hTERT promoter region (hTERT 5–12) is then elucidated using optical tweezers. During mechanical unfolding processes, different intermediate structures of hTERT 5–12 in presence of PDS, PA, or PA-PDS conjugate are observed. These intermediate structures are consistent with two folding patterns of G-quadruplexes in the hTERT 5–12 fragment. While the duplex DNA binder PA facilitates the folding of a hairpin-G-quadruplex structure, the PDS assists the formation of two tandem G-quadruplexes. Both replication stop assay in vitro and dual luciferase assay in vivo established the effectiveness of the PA-PDS conjugate for hTERT 5–12 targeting. We expect such a ligand dependent folding dynamics will provide guidelines to the development of drugs that not only target hTERT expressions, but also other oncogenes via interactions with specific G-quadruplex structures formed in their promotor regions.