A Systematic Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Skin Picking Disorder (SPD).

Abstract

Background: While Skin Picking Disorder (SPD) is a well-described neuropsychiatric disorder that causes severe stress and impairment, there is no clear protocol for treating patients and a relatively small body of literature evaluating treatment approaches.

Objective: This review aims to summarize and compare recent publications and provide an up-to-date guide of current non-pharmacological treatments for SPD.

Methods: A literature review was conducted on all non-pharmacological SPD treatment studies published between 2017-2023 using PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full text (EBSCO), and Scopus. Search terms included skin picking, excoriation, psychiatry, treatment, and psychodermatology. Studies including SPD within other body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs), studies using pharmacological agents, and studies not available in English were excluded. A minimum of 2 authors screened each abstract while blinded to minimize bias to assess for inclusion.

Results: 11 studies (2068 participants) were included, with a variety of study designs including feasibility, randomized control trial, longitudinal cohort, multiple baseline experimental, naturalistic trial, and controlled single case design with multiple baseline studies. The treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), ACT-Enhanced Group Behavioral Therapy (AE-GBT), ACT-Informed Exposure Therapy, group therapy, psychotherapy, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), online self-help modules, and Expressive Writing (EW). Studies implementing CBT, Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT), AE-GBT, online self-help modules, and EW demonstrated the best results in treating SPD.

Conclusion: Several studies achieved significant outcomes for SPD participants, confirming the usefulness of non-pharmacological treatment in SPD. Based on our results, CBT, AE-GBT, online self-help modules, and EW appear to be the most effective in treating SPD. Additionally, most of these treatment modalities can be tailored to meet patient-specific needs. Some limitations of the studies include small sample sizes, lack of control groups/randomization, limited long-term follow-up data, and lack of gender variability.