Accessibility, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and expenditures on electronic gambling machines: a spatial analysis based on player account data.

IF 3 2区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH International Journal of Health Geographics Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI:10.1186/s12942-024-00379-2
Jani Selin, Pasi Okkonen, Susanna Raisamo
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Abstract

Background: Gambling and its harmful effects on human health and well-being represent a significant public health concern in many countries, with electronic gambling machines (EGMs) recognized as one of the most detrimental forms of gambling. Previous research has established an association between EGM accessibility, expenditure, gambling harm, and the socioeconomic status (SES) of neighborhoods. However, there is limited understanding of the direct impact of SES and EGM accessibility on individual player expenditures. Prior estimations of expenditure often rely on self-reported data or venue-level revenue statistics. This study uses high spatial resolution socioeconomic data together with individual-level account-based location and expenditure (point of sales) data (71,669 players, 745 EGM venues) to explore the association between EGM accessibility and neighborhood SES and to examine whether the EGM expenditure of neighborhood residents is associated with EGM accessibility and neighborhood SES.

Data and methods: Player account data include information on the home location and expenditure of the entire EGM gambling population across every EGM venue located in the Helsinki region, Finland. High-resolution (250 × 250 m) grid-level data on socioeconomic variables were used to obtain the local socioeconomic conditions of the players. EGM accessibility was estimated for every grid cell using a calibrated gravity model derived from the player account data. Statistical analyses included correlation analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and regression models.

Results: First, significantly higher levels of EGM accessibility were found in areas with lower local SES. Second, regression analysis revealed that both higher EGM accessibility and lower local SES were associated with higher annual losses per adult. These results, in combination with visual and spatial autocorrelation analyses, revealed that accessibility to EGM gambling is highly concentrated, especially in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods with higher levels of EGM expenditure.

Conclusions: The results lay the groundwork for future spatial research on gambling harm, expenditure, accessibility, and SES utilizing detailed account data on the interaction between players and venues. The results underscore the importance of spatial restrictions when regulating EGM accessibility, particularly in areas with vulnerable populations, as a crucial measure for public health and harm prevention. The results also enable targeted gambling harm prevention actions at the local level.

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电子赌博机的可及性、邻里社会经济劣势和支出:基于玩家账户数据的空间分析。
背景:在许多国家,赌博及其对人类健康和福祉的有害影响是一个重大的公共卫生问题,而电子赌博机(EGM)被认为是最有害的赌博形式之一。以往的研究已经证实,电子赌博机的可获得性、支出、赌博危害和社区的社会经济地位(SES)之间存在关联。然而,人们对社会经济地位和电子游戏机可及性对玩家个人支出的直接影响了解有限。之前的支出估算通常依赖于自我报告数据或场地级收入统计数据。本研究使用高空间分辨率的社会经济数据以及基于个人账户的位置和支出(销售点)数据(71,669 名玩家,745 个电子游戏机场所),探讨电子游戏机可及性与社区 SES 之间的关联,并研究社区居民的电子游戏机支出是否与电子游戏机可及性和社区 SES 相关:玩家账户数据包括芬兰赫尔辛基地区所有 EGM 场所中所有 EGM 赌博人口的家庭位置和支出信息。高分辨率(250 × 250 米)网格级社会经济变量数据用于获取玩家的当地社会经济状况。利用从球员账户数据中得出的校准重力模型,对每个网格单元的电子比赛场地可达性进行了估算。统计分析包括相关分析、空间自相关分析和回归模型:结果:首先,在当地社会经济地位较低的地区,EGM 可及性水平明显较高。其次,回归分析表明,较高的 EGM 可及性和较低的当地社会经济地位与较高的成人人均年损失率有关。这些结果与视觉和空间自相关分析相结合,揭示了电子吉祥物赌博的可及性高度集中,尤其是在社会经济地位较低、电子吉祥物支出水平较高的社区:研究结果为今后利用有关赌客和赌博场所之间互动的详细账户数据,对赌博危害、支出、可及性和社会经济地位进行空间研究奠定了基础。研究结果强调了在对电子赌博机的可及性进行监管时,空间限制的重要性,尤其是在弱势群体聚集的地区,这是促进公共健康和预防赌博危害的关键措施。研究结果还有助于在地方一级采取有针对性的预防赌博危害行动。
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来源期刊
International Journal of Health Geographics
International Journal of Health Geographics PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH -
CiteScore
10.20
自引率
2.00%
发文量
17
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: A leader among the field, International Journal of Health Geographics is an interdisciplinary, open access journal publishing internationally significant studies of geospatial information systems and science applications in health and healthcare. With an exceptional author satisfaction rate and a quick time to first decision, the journal caters to readers across an array of healthcare disciplines globally. International Journal of Health Geographics welcomes novel studies in the health and healthcare context spanning from spatial data infrastructure and Web geospatial interoperability research, to research into real-time Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-enabled surveillance services, remote sensing applications, spatial epidemiology, spatio-temporal statistics, internet GIS and cyberspace mapping, participatory GIS and citizen sensing, geospatial big data, healthy smart cities and regions, and geospatial Internet of Things and blockchain.
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