The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms.

IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Immunological Reviews Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI:10.1111/imr.13389
Martin F Flajnik
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Abstract

The study of antibodies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) provides every immunologist with a bird's eye view of how human immunoglobulins (Igs) came into existence and subsequently evolved into their present forms. It is a fascinating Darwinian history of conservation on the one hand and flexibility on the other, exemplified by the Ig heavy chain (H) isotypes IgM and IgD/W, respectively. The cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks) Igs provide a glimpse of "how everything got off the ground," while the amphibians (e.g., the model Xenopus) reveal how the adaptive immune system made an about face with the emergence of Ig isotype switching and IgG-like structure/function. The evolution of mucosal Igs is a captivating account of malleability, convergence, and conservation, and a call to arms for future study! In between there are spellbinding chronicles of antibody evolution in each class of vertebrates and rather incredible stories of how antibodies can adapt to occupy niches, for example, single-domain variable regions, cold-adapted Igs, convergent mechanisms to dampen antibody function, provision of mucosal defense, and many more. The purpose here is not to provide an encyclopedic examination of antibody evolution, but rather to hit the high points and entice readers to appreciate how things "came to be."

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免疫球蛋白同种型进化的 Janus(双重)模式:守恒性和可塑性是决定性的范式。
通过对有颚脊椎动物(地鳖)体内抗体的研究,每一位免疫学家都能鸟瞰人类免疫球蛋白(Igs)是如何产生并进化成现在的形态的。Ig 重链(H)异型 IgM 和 IgD/W 就分别说明了这一点。软骨鱼类(如鲨鱼)的 Igs 提供了 "一切是如何起步的 "一瞥,而两栖动物(如模式爪蟾蜍)则揭示了适应性免疫系统是如何随着 Ig 同工型转换和 IgG 类结构/功能的出现而改头换面的。粘膜 Igs 的进化是对可塑性、趋同性和保护性的迷人描述,也是对未来研究的号召!在这些文章中,有关于每一类脊椎动物中抗体进化的令人着迷的编年史,也有关于抗体如何适应占据壁龛的令人难以置信的故事,例如单域可变区、冷适应 Igs、抑制抗体功能的趋同机制、提供粘膜防御等等。本文的目的并不是对抗体的进化进行百科全书式的研究,而是抓住重点,吸引读者欣赏事物的 "来龙去脉"。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Immunological Reviews
Immunological Reviews 医学-免疫学
CiteScore
16.20
自引率
1.10%
发文量
118
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Immunological Reviews is a specialized journal that focuses on various aspects of immunological research. It encompasses a wide range of topics, such as clinical immunology, experimental immunology, and investigations related to allergy and the immune system. The journal follows a unique approach where each volume is dedicated solely to a specific area of immunological research. However, collectively, these volumes aim to offer an extensive and up-to-date overview of the latest advancements in basic immunology and their practical implications in clinical settings.
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