Microstructure and residual strength properties of engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) subjected to high temperatures

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of high temperature on the microstructure and residual compressive strength properties of engineered geopolymer composites (EGC). The importance of this study focusses on the performance and durability of EGC, aiming towards sustainable construction practices. The proposed study fills the knowledge gap by the use of steel fibers (SF) as primary reinforcement in EGC, specifically involving a combination of Fly Ash (FA), Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag, and Iron Ore Tailings (IOT). The residual properties of EGC under high-temperature conditions were assessed by preparing cube specimens (50 mm) involving FA and BOF slag as primary precursors, with IOT as a partial replacement to conventional fine aggregate (M-sand) and brass-coated SF as discrete reinforcement. The specimens were exposed to temperatures up to 1000 °C in a muffle furnace in six different levels: 25, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C. Post-exposure, the specimens were ambient cured prior to testing of pore structure distribution, residual strength properties, and microstructural characteristics involving scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The experimental findings show that, despite various combinations of precursors, IOT and SF, no explosive deterioration or spalling occurred in EGC mixes at any level of exposure. Also, as the exposure temperature increased, the compressive strength decreased while the strain capacity enhanced, denoting an increase in the stiffness of the EGC mixes. Notably, the SF maintained its structural integrity even at 1000 °C, which was consistent with the observed microstructural behavior. This indicates the proposed EGC exhibits excellent resistance to elevated temperatures and enhanced strain-hardening capacity. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the residual properties and microstructural characteristics of FA: BOF: IOT-based EGC, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and fire-resistant building material. The outcomes contribute significantly to the existing knowledge on EGC and its application in environments exposed to high temperatures.