Identification and analysis of barriers to the implementation of utility-scale solar photovoltaic technology in Ghana

Abstract

Ghana's economic growth and development hinge on accessing affordable and reliable energy sources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology appears promising due to Ghana's abundant solar resources. However, despite the nation's ambitious renewable energy goals outlined in the national master plan, these aspirations remain largely unfulfilled. This research addresses the urgent need to identify and analyze barriers hindering successful Utility-Scale solar PV technology implementation in Ghana. The research's significance lies in its potential to unveil multifaceted barriers and their intricate connections, shedding light on the root causes of stagnation in the solar energy sector. The study employs a mixed-method approach, beginning with a thorough literature review, followed by expert surveys using the Delphi method. The research then applies Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to uncover the interrelationships among the identified barriers, revealing how these barriers influence one another within the system. Subsequently, MICMAC analysis is used to classify these barriers based on their driving and dependence power, offering deeper insights into their relative influence and importance. The findings of this research reveal a range of barriers, including currency fluctuations, high capital costs, financial impediments, policy uncertainties, inadequate political commitment, grid integration challenges, skills shortages, reliance on foreign technology, troubleshooting difficulties, lack of robust incentives (specifically feed-in tariffs), stakeholder involvement gaps, and legal/environmental hurdles. Ultimately, this study aims to provide valuable insights to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, facilitating informed decision-making and strategic planning to unlock Ghana's vast solar energy potential to facilitate climate change mitigation and transition toward resilient and sustainable socio-economic development.