Anthropogenic disturbance and competitive avoidance shape the coexistence pattern of macaque species in tropical forests

IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Ecosphere Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI:10.1002/ecs2.70001
Ru-Chuan He, Lin Wang, Alice C. Hughes, Ying Geng, Hui Cao, Ying Liu, Jia-Bin Li, Qiao-Yan Wang, Zheng-Bin Yang, Rui-Chang Quan
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Abstract

The factors that enable the coexistence of closely related species remain a major question in ecology, particularly in human-disturbed habitats. The effects of anthropogenic disturbance and interspecific competition can exacerbate the decline in populations of competing species. The adoption of different strategies in responding to anthropogenic disturbances and competitive avoidances may create opportunities for competing species to coexist. However, few studies have explored how disturbance and competition interact to shape species coexistence. In this study, we conducted long-term and large-scale camera trap surveys comprising 540 sampling sites from 2017 to 2021 at Xishuangbanna, southwestern China, and deployed a spatiotemporal analysis framework to determine the effect of anthropogenic disturbances and competitive avoidances on the coexistence of three sympatric macaque species: Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis; MA), northern pig-tailed macaque (M. leonina; ML), and rhesus macaque (M. mulatta; MM). Macaque species exhibited diverse responses to different types of anthropogenic disturbances. The occurrence probability of MM was positively associated with distance to road and relative abundance of human occurrence, and negatively associated with distance to cropland, which reduces the likelihood of sympatry between MM and the other two species due to their opposing responses to road, cropland, and human occurrence. Conversely, the similar responses to road and cropland increase the sympatry between MA and ML. Three macaque species did not avoid each other through shifting space use or their overall daily activity pattern. However, they delayed using the shared site after other species used it to avoid confrontation. We provide evidence that (1) the spatial co-occurrence pattern of sympatric macaque species was determined by anthropogenic disturbances rather than by competitive spatial avoidance and (2) fine-scale temporary avoidance is the strategy to alleviate their interspecific competition. These results enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to species coexistence of nonhuman primates in human-disturbed habitats.

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人为干扰和竞争回避决定了热带森林中猕猴物种的共存模式
使亲缘关系密切的物种能够共存的因素仍然是生态学中的一个重要问题,尤其是在人类干扰的生境中。人为干扰和种间竞争的影响会加剧竞争物种种群数量的下降。采用不同的策略应对人为干扰和避免竞争可能会为竞争物种创造共存的机会。然而,很少有研究探讨干扰和竞争是如何相互作用形成物种共存的。在本研究中,我们从2017年至2021年在中国西南部的西双版纳进行了长期、大规模的相机陷阱调查,包括540个采样点,并部署了一个时空分析框架,以确定人为干扰和竞争回避对三种同域猕猴共存的影响:阿萨姆猕猴(Macaca assamensis; MA)、北方猪尾猕猴(M. leonina; ML)和猕猴(M. mulatta; MM)。猕猴物种对不同类型的人为干扰表现出不同的反应。MM的出现概率与道路距离和人类出现的相对丰度呈正相关,而与耕地距离呈负相关,这降低了MM与其他两种猕猴之间的共生可能性,因为它们对道路、耕地和人类出现的反应截然相反。相反,MA 和 ML 对道路和耕地的相似反应则增加了它们之间的共生关系。三个猕猴物种并没有通过改变空间使用或整体日常活动模式来避开对方。然而,在其他物种使用共享地点后,它们会推迟使用该地点,以避免冲突。我们提供的证据表明:(1)同域猕猴物种的空间共存模式是由人为干扰决定的,而不是由竞争性空间回避决定的;(2)细尺度的临时回避是缓解种间竞争的策略。这些结果加深了我们对非人灵长类动物在人为干扰生境中物种共存的内在机制的理解。
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来源期刊
Ecosphere
Ecosphere ECOLOGY-
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
3.70%
发文量
378
审稿时长
15 weeks
期刊介绍: The scope of Ecosphere is as broad as the science of ecology itself. The journal welcomes submissions from all sub-disciplines of ecological science, as well as interdisciplinary studies relating to ecology. The journal''s goal is to provide a rapid-publication, online-only, open-access alternative to ESA''s other journals, while maintaining the rigorous standards of peer review for which ESA publications are renowned.
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