Bacterioruberin extract from Haloarchaea Haloferax marinum: Component identification, antioxidant activity and anti-atrophy effect in LPS-treated C2C12 myotubes

Abstract

Carotenoids are natural pigments utilized as colourants and antioxidants across food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. They exist in carbon chain lengths of C₃₀, C₄₀, C₄₅ and C₅₀, with C₄₀ variants being the most common. Bacterioruberin (BR) and its derivatives are part of the less common C₅₀ carotenoid group, synthesized primarily by halophilic archaea. This study analysed the compositional characteristics of BR extract (BRE) isolated from ‘Haloferax marinum’ MBLA0078, a halophilic archaeon isolated from seawater near Yeoungheungdo Island in the Republic of Korea, and investigated its antioxidant activity and protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy. The main components of BRE included all-trans-BR, monoanhydrobacterioruberin, 2-isopentenyl-3,4-dehydrorhodopin and all-trans-bisanhydrobacterioruberin. BRE exhibited higher antioxidant activity and DNA nicking protection activity than other well-known C₄₀ carotenoids, such as β-carotene, lycopene and astaxanthin. In C2C12 myotubes, LPS treatment led to a reduction in myotube diameter and number, as well as the hypertranscription of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase MAFbx and MuRF1. BRE mitigated these changes by activating the Akt/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, BRE abolished the elevated cellular reactive oxygen species levels and the inflammation response induced by LPS. This study demonstrated that ‘Hfx. marinum’ is an excellent source of natural microbial C₅₀ carotenoids with strong antioxidant capacity and may offer potential protective effects against muscle atrophy.