Gender Norms and Female Labor Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Quantile Regression Analysis

Abstract

This paper investigates the multidimensional effects of both formal and informal gender norms on female labor force participation in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis includes a sample of 42 Sub-Saharan African nations between 2009 and 2019. Using a panel quantile regression model, the findings reveal that gender stereotypes significantly limit young women’s employment opportunities, regardless of whether they reside in rural or urban areas. This effect is amplified in rural areas as fertility rates increase. Discrimination related to physical integrity, access to resources, male preference, civil liberties, and bargaining power further impacts women’s participation in the labor market. In light of these findings, Sub-Saharan African countries must develop programs for women and girls or enact laws to combat discriminatory practices. Examples of such initiatives include efforts to reduce gender-based norms, like the Oxfam We-Care initiative, and promoting education for women, which has been shown to positively impact female labor supply.