A question of time and space: A model approach to the synchronicity of gypsum and halite during the Messinian Salinity Crisis

IF 3.8 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Climate of The Past Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI:10.5194/cp-2024-58
Ronja Monika Ebner, Paul Meijer
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Abstract

Abstract. Saltgiants, although well studies, still offer some unsolved questions. One example is the Messinian Saltgiant which formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.97 to 5.33 Ma) in the Mediterranean Sea. While a common assumption is that gypsum precipitated in the marginal parts of the basin before halite formed in the deeper part of the basin, this could be not yet been confirmed. Indeed, it has also been suggested that, while the primary lower gypsum was forming, the deep basins was already accumulating halite. In this study we use box modeling to investigate the distribution of halite and gypsum deposits for different configurations. Due to a dimensionless description of basin restriction, our results can be transferred to other basins. With this approach we find that under the right conditions all configurations lead to a simultaneous but spatially separated precipitation of gypsum and halite. They would, however, not lead to the spatial pattern that is observed in the Mediterranean, i.e. halite deposition in the deep basins while gypsum is deposited in the margins. Based on those results we propose a timeline for a salinifying basin. For an average salinity above gypsum but below halite saturation, halite is first formed in a sufficiently restricted margin, and only once the average salinity approaches the one of halite saturation can it also form in open areas of the basin due to horizontal salinity gradients. Once the whole basin has reached halite saturation, gypsum only forms in margins with a positive local freshwater budget. Such a mechanism would produce less than 1 m of gypsum within 25 kyr. We thus conclude that a simultaneous, yet spatially separated precipitation of gypsum and halite within a one basin is possible, but unlikely to have led to the massive primary lower gypsum outcrops in the Mediterranean, while halite formed in the deeper parts of the same sub-basin.
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时间和空间问题:梅西尼亚盐度危机期间石膏和海绿石同步性的模型方法
摘要尽管对盐巨行星进行了深入研究,但仍有一些问题尚未解决。其中一个例子是形成于地中海梅西尼盐度危机(MSC,5.97-5.33 Ma)期间的梅西尼盐巨岩。虽然一个普遍的假设是石膏在盆地边缘地区沉淀,然后才在盆地深处形成海绿石,但这一假设尚未得到证实。事实上,也有观点认为,在原生低层石膏形成的同时,盆地深处已经在积累卤石。在这项研究中,我们使用箱式模型来研究不同构造下的海绿石和石膏沉积的分布情况。由于对盆地限制进行了无量纲描述,我们的研究结果可以推广到其他盆地。通过这种方法,我们发现在适当的条件下,所有的配置都会导致石膏和海泡石同时沉淀,但在空间上是分开的。但是,它们不会导致在地中海观察到的空间模式,即卤石沉积在深盆地,而石膏沉积在边缘地带。根据这些结果,我们提出了盐化盆地的时间表。在平均盐度高于石膏但低于哈雷石饱和度的情况下,哈雷石首先在足够狭窄的边缘地区形成,只有当平均盐度接近哈雷石饱和度时,由于水平盐度梯度的作用,哈雷石才能在盆地的开阔地区形成。一旦整个盆地达到海绿石饱和状态,石膏只在当地淡水预算为正的边缘形成。这种机制将在 25 千年内产生不到 1 米的石膏。因此,我们得出的结论是,在一个盆地内,石膏和卤石同时沉淀但在空间上分开沉淀是可能的,但不太可能导致地中海大量原生低层石膏露头,而卤石形成于同一次盆地的深部。
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来源期刊
Climate of The Past
Climate of The Past 地学-气象与大气科学
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
14.00%
发文量
120
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Climate of the Past (CP) is a not-for-profit international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and discussion of research articles, short communications, and review papers on the climate history of the Earth. CP covers all temporal scales of climate change and variability, from geological time through to multidecadal studies of the last century. Studies focusing mainly on present and future climate are not within scope. The main subject areas are the following: reconstructions of past climate based on instrumental and historical data as well as proxy data from marine and terrestrial (including ice) archives; development and validation of new proxies, improvements of the precision and accuracy of proxy data; theoretical and empirical studies of processes in and feedback mechanisms between all climate system components in relation to past climate change on all space scales and timescales; simulation of past climate and model-based interpretation of palaeoclimate data for a better understanding of present and future climate variability and climate change.
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