Exploring the botany and pharmacology of the genus Conamomum Ridl. (Zingiberaceae)

Abstract

The members of the genus Conamomum Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) are primarily distributed from Indochina to western Malesia. Knowledge of the distribution of species of Conamomum is important for conservation and natural resource management. The objective of this review is to comprehensively summarise the morphological characteristics, distribution, ecology, diversity, and potential pharmacological effects of Conamomum species worldwide. The current study also provides a scientific reference for future applications by comprehensively reviewing the literature from 1892 to 2024 via several scientific databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and other online databases. A cluster analysis conducted on 12 species of Conamomum provides valuable insights into their morphological similarities and distribution patterns. Conamomum cylindrostachys and C. flavidulum have anther crests that are horned and 2‐lobed, contrasting with the horned and 3‐lobed anther crests observed in other Conamomum species. Regarding distribution, three species – C. odorum, C. rubidum, and C. Vietnamense – are endemic to Vietnam, while C. spiceum and C. flavidulum are both endemic to Malaysia. A key to species of Conamomum based on the morphology is provided. Extracts and isolated compounds from Conamomum plants, mainly essential oils, have been assessed to possess numerous pharmacological properties, such as anti‐inflammatory, anti‐bacterial, anti‐fungal, anti‐larvicidal, and cytotoxic activities. This review provides valuable insights into the morphological, ecological, and pharmacological properties as well as the diversification of Conamomum and identifies the ecological adaptations specific to their habitat in this region. These findings are valuable resources for conservation efforts, sustainable utilization, and future studies.