Recurrent Independent Pseudogenization Events of the Sperm Fertilization Gene ZP3r in Apes and Monkeys

IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Journal of Molecular Evolution Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI:10.1007/s00239-024-10192-x
J. A. Carlisle, D. H. Gurbuz, W. J. Swanson
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Abstract

Many reproductive proteins show signatures of rapid evolution through sequence divergence and duplication. These features of reproductive genes may complicate the detection of orthologs across taxa, making it difficult to connect studies in model systems to human biology. In mice, ZP3r/sp56 is a binding partner to the egg coat protein ZP3 and may mediate induction of the acrosome reaction, a crucial step in fertilization. In rodents, ZP3r, as a member of the Regulators of Complement Activation cluster, is surrounded by paralogs, some of which have been shown to be evolving under positive selection. Although primate egg coats also contain ZP3, sequence divergence paired with paralogous relationships with neighboring genes has complicated the accurate identification of the human ZP3r ortholog. Here, we phylogenetically and syntenically resolve that the human ortholog of ZP3r is the pseudogene C4BPAP1. We investigate the evolution of this gene within primates. We observe independent pseudogenization events of ZP3r in all Apes with the exception of Orangutans, and independent pseudogenization events in many monkey species. ZP3r in both primates that retain ZP3r and in rodents contains positively selected sites. We hypothesize that redundant mechanisms mediate ZP3 recognition in mammals and ZP3r’s relative importance to ZP recognition varies across species.

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猿猴精子受精基因 ZP3r 的反复独立假基因化事件
许多生殖蛋白通过序列分化和复制显示出快速进化的特征。生殖基因的这些特点可能会使跨类群的同源物检测变得复杂,从而难以将模型系统中的研究与人类生物学联系起来。在小鼠中,ZP3r/sp56 是卵壳蛋白 ZP3 的结合伙伴,可能介导顶体反应的诱导,而顶体反应是受精的关键步骤。在啮齿类动物中,ZP3r 作为补体激活调节因子集群的成员,被一些旁系亲属所包围,其中一些旁系亲属已被证明是在正向选择下进化的。虽然灵长类动物的卵膜也含有 ZP3,但由于序列差异以及与邻近基因的旁系亲属关系,使得准确鉴定人类 ZP3r 直向同源物的工作变得复杂。在这里,我们从系统发育和同源关系上确定了人类 ZP3r 的直向同源物是假基因 C4BPAP1。我们研究了该基因在灵长类动物中的进化。我们在除猩猩以外的所有类人猿中观察到了 ZP3r 的独立假基因事件,在许多猴类中也观察到了独立的假基因事件。在保留 ZP3r 的灵长类动物和啮齿类动物中,ZP3r 都含有正选位点。我们假设,哺乳动物的 ZP3 识别机制是冗余的,ZP3r 对 ZP 识别的相对重要性因物种而异。
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来源期刊
Journal of Molecular Evolution
Journal of Molecular Evolution 生物-进化生物学
CiteScore
5.50
自引率
2.60%
发文量
36
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Molecular Evolution covers experimental, computational, and theoretical work aimed at deciphering features of molecular evolution and the processes bearing on these features, from the initial formation of macromolecular systems through their evolution at the molecular level, the co-evolution of their functions in cellular and organismal systems, and their influence on organismal adaptation, speciation, and ecology. Topics addressed include the evolution of informational macromolecules and their relation to more complex levels of biological organization, including populations and taxa, as well as the molecular basis for the evolution of ecological interactions of species and the use of molecular data to infer fundamental processes in evolutionary ecology. This coverage accommodates such subfields as new genome sequences, comparative structural and functional genomics, population genetics, the molecular evolution of development, the evolution of gene regulation and gene interaction networks, and in vitro evolution of DNA and RNA, molecular evolutionary ecology, and the development of methods and theory that enable molecular evolutionary inference, including but not limited to, phylogenetic methods.
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