Long-term photogrammetric outcomes of midface advancement in Apert syndrome: are we nearing normal?

Abstract

Background

The aesthetic goals of midface surgery in Apert syndrome are to correct the multi-planar midface deficiency and normalize facial ratios. This study characterizes the long-term photogrammetric outcomes of midface advancement in Apert syndrome.

Methods

Patients with Apert syndrome who underwent midface distraction from 2000 to 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Soft tissue measurements were applied to preoperative (T0), short-term postoperative (T1), and long-term postoperative (T2) photographs. Long-term changes were compared between subcranial and transcranial procedures, segmental and non-segmental osteotomies, and individual techniques. Frontal facial dimensions at time T2 were compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls from the NIMH-ChEFS face database.

Results

Twenty patients had postoperative follow-up of T1 = 0.6 ± 0.4 and T2 = 4.7 ± 1.1 years and were compared to 40 normal controls. From time T0 to T2, middle facial third height increased (26.1 ± 3.0% to 27.8 ± 2.6%, p = 0.026), canthal tilt improved (− 7.6° ± 3.7° to − 3.9° ± 4.4°, p < 0.001), and facial convexity increased (182.9° ± 6.2° to 167.9° ± 8.6°, p < 0.001). From time T1 to T2, facial convexity flattened (159.4° ± 10.1° to 167.9° ± 8.6°, p < 0.001). Compared to controls, patients at time T2 had shorter middle facial third height (27.8 ± 2.6% vs. 32.0 ± 1.9%, p < 0.001) and reverse canthal tilt (− 3.9° ± 4.4° vs. 5.4° ± 2.6°, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A tailored treatment approach to the Apert midface yields varying degrees of resolution of central midfacial shortening, canthal tilt, and facial concavity at 5 years postoperatively. A slight reduction in facial convexity over time, likely reflecting pseudorelapse in the setting of sagittal overcorrection, should be anticipated. Greater utilization of segmental osteotomies may bring facial third ratios and canthal tilt closer to normal morphometric values.