Estimating masticated and cone fuel loads using the Photoload method

IF 3.6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Fire Ecology Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI:10.1186/s42408-024-00302-x
Sharon M. Hood, Sarah J. Flanary, Christine M. Stalling
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Abstract

Recognizing the complexity and varied nature of forest fuelbeds is crucial in understanding fire behavior and effects on the landscape. While current modeling efforts often consider fine and coarse woody debris surface fuel loads, those options do not always provide the most complete description of the fuelbeds. Both masticated fuels and cones can be a significant part of the fuelbed, with the potential to influence fire behavior and effects, but they are not currently captured in planar intersect methods or Photoload fuel sampling methodology. Cones are prevalent in most forested conifer stands, while mastication is a type of fuel treatment used to compact fuelbeds by shredding or chipping small trees, shrubs, and down woody debris. The treatment creates nonuniform particle sizes that violate assumptions of the planar intersect method to estimate dead surface fuel loads. The Photoload method of fuel load estimation allows visual estimates of fuel loads by particle type and the flexibility to develop photosequences of new fuel types. We created Photoload mastication sequences for estimating loading of masticated fuels, as well as cone loading sequences. Our mastication photosequences were developed from Pinus ponderosa-Pseudotsuga menziesii forests in Montana, USA, but could be used to provide a relative estimate of load for any masticated material. The cones used for developing photosequences were gathered from several forest types in the Northern Rockies, USA. We created two masticated fuel photosequences—fine particles < 7.62 cm and coarse particles ≥ 7.62 cm in width and six cone photosequences—Larix occidentalis, P. ponderosa, Pinus monticola, Pinus flexilis, Picea engelmannii, and P. menziesii. The new mastication and cone loading photosequences can be used together with existing Photoload sequences to obtain total estimates of surface fuel loads. The 1-page sequences can be printed and used in the field to estimate these additional fuel type loads quickly and easily.
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用光照法估算咀嚼燃料和锥形燃料负荷
认识森林燃料层的复杂性和多样性对于了解火灾行为和对景观的影响至关重要。虽然目前的建模工作通常会考虑细木屑和粗木屑的表面燃料负荷,但这些方案并不总能提供最完整的燃料床描述。碎屑燃料和圆锥体都可能是燃料床的重要组成部分,有可能影响火灾行为和效果,但目前的平面交叉方法或 Photoload 燃料取样方法都无法捕捉到它们。锥果在大多数针叶林林分中都很普遍,而碾压是一种燃料处理方法,通过切碎或削掉小树、灌木和下木屑来压实燃料床。这种处理方式会造成颗粒大小不均匀,从而违反平面交叉法估算死面燃料负荷的假设。使用 Photoload 方法估算燃料负荷时,可以根据颗粒类型直观地估算燃料负荷,并可灵活地开发新燃料类型的光序列。我们创建了用于估算咀嚼燃料负荷的 Photoload 咀嚼序列以及锥体负荷序列。我们的咀嚼光序列是根据美国蒙大拿州的松柏-红松林开发的,但也可用于对任何咀嚼材料的负荷进行相对估算。用于绘制光序列的圆锥花采集自美国北落基山脉的几种森林类型。我们创建了两种咀嚼燃料光序列--宽度小于 7.62 厘米的细颗粒和宽度≥ 7.62 厘米的粗颗粒,以及六种圆锥体光序列--西洋杉、P. ponderosa、Pinus monticola、Pinus flexilis、Picea engelmannii 和 P. menziesii。新的咀嚼和锥体负荷光序列可与现有的 Photoload 序列一起使用,以获得地表燃料负荷的总估算值。这些单页序列可以打印出来并在野外使用,以快速、轻松地估算这些额外的燃料类型负荷。
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来源期刊
Fire Ecology
Fire Ecology ECOLOGY-FORESTRY
CiteScore
6.20
自引率
7.80%
发文量
24
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: Fire Ecology is the international scientific journal supported by the Association for Fire Ecology. Fire Ecology publishes peer-reviewed articles on all ecological and management aspects relating to wildland fire. We welcome submissions on topics that include a broad range of research on the ecological relationships of fire to its environment, including, but not limited to: Ecology (physical and biological fire effects, fire regimes, etc.) Social science (geography, sociology, anthropology, etc.) Fuel Fire science and modeling Planning and risk management Law and policy Fire management Inter- or cross-disciplinary fire-related topics Technology transfer products.
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