Machine Learning and Imputation to Characterize Human Norovirus Genotype Susceptibility to Sodium Hypochlorite

IF 4.1 2区 农林科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Food and Environmental Virology Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI:10.1007/s12560-024-09613-3
Allyson N. Hamilton, Flor Maes, Génesis Yosbeth Chávez Reyes, Giselle Almeida, Dan Li, Mieke Uyttendaele, Kristen E. Gibson
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Abstract

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the developed world and a major contributor to gastroenteritis globally. Its low infectious dose and environmental persistence necessitate effective disinfection protocols. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) bleach is a widely used disinfectant for controlling HuNoV transmission via contaminated fomites. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of HuNoV genotypes (n = 11) from genogroups I, II, and IV to NaOCl in suspension. HuNoV was incubated for 1 and 5 min in diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water containing 50 ppm, 100 ppm, or 150 ppm NaOCl, buffered to maintain a pH between 7.0 and 7.5. Neutralization was achieved by a tenfold dilution into 100% fetal bovine serum. RNase pre-treatment followed by RT-qPCR was used to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious HuNoV. Statistical methods, including imputation, machine learning, and generalized linear models, were applied to process and analyze the data. Results showed that NaOCl reduced viral loads across all genotypes, though efficacy varied. Genotypes GI.1, GII.4 New Orleans, and GII.4 Sydney were the least susceptible, while GII.6 and GII.13 were the most susceptible. All NaOCl concentrations above 0 ppm were statistically indistinguishable, and exposure duration did not significantly affect HuNoV reduction, suggesting rapid inactivation at effective concentrations. For instance, some genotypes were completely inactivated within 1 min, rendering extended exposure unnecessary, while other genotypes maintained the initial concentration at both 1 and 5 min, indicating a need for longer contact times. These findings underscore the critical role of HuNoV genotype selection in testing disinfection protocols and optimizing NaOCl concentrations. Understanding HuNoV susceptibility to NaOCl bleach informs better disinfection strategies, aiding public health and food safety authorities in reducing HuNoV transmission and outbreaks.

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用机器学习和推算描述人类诺罗病毒基因型对次氯酸钠的敏感性
人类诺如病毒(HuNoV)是发达国家食源性疾病的主要病因,也是全球肠胃炎的主要致病因素。由于其感染剂量低且在环境中具有持久性,因此必须采用有效的消毒方案。次氯酸钠(NaOCl)漂白剂是一种广泛使用的消毒剂,用于控制 HuNoV 通过受污染的媒介传播。本研究旨在评估基因组 I、II 和 IV 的 HuNoV 基因型(n = 11)对 NaOCl 悬浮液的敏感性。将 HuNoV 在含有 50 ppm、100 ppm 或 150 ppm NaOCl 的经焦碳酸二乙酯(DEPC)处理的水中孵育 1 分钟和 5 分钟,缓冲液的 pH 值保持在 7.0 和 7.5 之间。用 100%胎牛血清稀释十倍后进行中和。通过 RNase 预处理和 RT-qPCR 来区分感染性和非感染性 HuNoV。在处理和分析数据时,采用了包括估算、机器学习和广义线性模型在内的统计方法。结果表明,NaOCl 可降低所有基因型的病毒载量,但效果各不相同。基因型 GI.1、GII.4 New Orleans 和 GII.4 Sydney 的易感性最低,而 GII.6 和 GII.13 的易感性最高。NaOCl 浓度高于 0 ppm 的所有基因型在统计学上都没有区别,暴露时间的长短对 HuNoV 的减少没有显著影响,这表明在有效浓度下,HuNoV 会迅速失活。例如,一些基因型在 1 分钟内完全失活,因此没有必要延长接触时间,而另一些基因型在 1 分钟和 5 分钟内都保持了初始浓度,表明需要更长的接触时间。这些发现强调了选择 HuNoV 基因型在测试消毒方案和优化 NaOCl 浓度中的关键作用。了解HuNoV对NaOCl漂白剂的敏感性有助于制定更好的消毒策略,帮助公共卫生和食品安全部门减少HuNoV的传播和疫情爆发。
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来源期刊
Food and Environmental Virology
Food and Environmental Virology ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-MICROBIOLOGY
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
2.90%
发文量
35
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Food and Environmental Virology publishes original articles, notes and review articles on any aspect relating to the transmission of pathogenic viruses via the environment (water, air, soil etc.) and foods. This includes epidemiological studies, identification of novel or emerging pathogens, methods of analysis or characterisation, studies on survival and elimination, and development of procedural controls for industrial processes, e.g. HACCP plans. The journal will cover all aspects of this important area, and encompass studies on any human, animal, and plant pathogenic virus which is capable of transmission via the environment or food.
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