Understanding the adhesion performance of glued laminated timber manufactured with Australian softwood and high-density hardwood species

IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI:10.1007/s00107-024-02138-3
A. Faircloth, B. P. Gilbert, C. Kumar, W. Leggate, R. L. McGavin
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Abstract

To be commercialised, glued laminated timber must typically conform to a strict bond integrity assessment. While the associated testing protocols vary slightly from standard to standard, the general method consists of a series of swelling (water immersion) and shrinkage (drying) cycles. The approach is independent of the species and adhesive type. Those cycles strain the gluelines to a level depending on the species’ moisture uptake, timber dimensional movement and modulus of elasticity, as well as adhesive layer elasticity. High density and high modulus of elasticity materials frequently fail within the glueline regions rather than within the timber and therefore fail the bond integrity assessment. To better understand the mechanisms that lead to glueline failure, glulam samples were manufactured using three prominent Australian commercial timbers of various densities (Radiata pine—Pinus radiata, Southern pine—Pinus caribaea/Pinus elliottii, and Spotted gum—Corymbia citriodora) and two structural adhesive types (resorcinol formaldehyde and polyurethane). Using advanced measurement techniques (digital image correlation and strain gauges), the response of the different species and adhesive types to moisture swelling and shrinkage, as well as times at which glueline separation occurs, were captured. A relationship was observed between moisture uptake and delamination percentages with spotted gum producing significantly higher levels of delamination and significantly lower moisture uptake values, compared to both Radiata pine and Southern pine. While the polyurethane glued samples on average produced higher levels of delamination, the digital image correlation data indicates that the time at which this delamination occurs is later than the samples glued with resorcinol formaldehyde.

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了解使用澳大利亚软木和高密度硬木树种制造的胶合层压木材的粘合性能
胶合层压木材要实现商业化,通常必须符合严格的粘合完整性评估。虽然不同标准的相关测试协议略有不同,但一般方法都包括一系列膨胀(浸水)和收缩(干燥)循环。这种方法与种类和粘合剂类型无关。这些循环对胶线造成的应变程度取决于树种的吸湿性、木材的尺寸变化和弹性模量,以及胶层的弹性。高密度和高弹性模量材料经常在胶线区域而非木材内部发生故障,因此无法通过粘接完整性评估。为了更好地了解导致胶合层失效的机理,我们使用三种不同密度的澳大利亚著名商用木材(辐射松-Pinus radiata、南方松-Pinus caribaea/Pinus elliottii 和斑桉-Corymbia citriodora)和两种结构粘合剂类型(间苯二酚甲醛和聚氨酯)制作了胶合层样品。利用先进的测量技术(数字图像相关和应变仪),捕捉了不同树种和粘合剂类型对湿胀干缩的反应以及胶线分离的时间。与辐射松和南方松相比,斑点胶产生的分层程度明显更高,吸湿值明显更低。虽然聚氨酯胶合样本的平均分层水平较高,但数字图像相关数据表明,分层发生的时间比间苯二酚甲醛胶合样本晚。
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来源期刊
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 工程技术-材料科学:纸与木材
CiteScore
5.40
自引率
3.80%
发文量
124
审稿时长
6.0 months
期刊介绍: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products reports on original research and new developments in the field of wood and wood products and their biological, chemical, physical as well as mechanical and technological properties, processes and uses. Subjects range from roundwood to wood based products, composite materials and structural applications, with related jointing techniques. Moreover, it deals with wood as a chemical raw material, source of energy as well as with inter-disciplinary aspects of environmental assessment and international markets. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products aims at promoting international scientific communication and transfer of new technologies from research into practice.
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