Tautomerism and nucleophilic addition influence the performance of aqueous organic redox flow batteries of chelidamic acid and chelidonic acid†

Abstract

The redox flow battery is a cost-effective solution for grid-scale energy storage. Its special feature of separate reservoirs and electrodes makes it easy to adjust the electrolyte volume and electrode size, improving safety and scalability. In this work, we explore two organic anolytes, chelidamic acid (CDA) and chelidonic acid (CDO), which share similar molecular weight but differ in their heteroatoms: pyridone and pyrone. The half-cell potentials of the CDA and CDO anolytes enable them to exhibit theoretical cell voltages of 0.49 V and 0.48 V, respectively, when coupled with K₄[Fe^II(CN)₆] catholyte. CDA demonstrated a stable discharge capacity of 650 mA h L⁻¹ over 17 days in a basic medium without any degradation. In contrast, CDO gradually loses its capacity over successive cycles. The mechanism for the decomposition of CDO was analysed through cyclic voltammetry, ¹H-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The analytical results revealed that there was a significant impact of tautomerization in CDA and nucleophilic addition in CDO on the performance in ARFBs.