The role of body composition in left ventricular remodeling, reverse remodeling, and clinical outcomes for heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction: more knowledge to the “obesity paradox”

Abstract

Although the “obesity paradox” is comprehensively elucidated in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the role of body composition in left ventricular (LV) remodeling, LV reverse remodeling (LVRR), and clinical outcomes is still unclear for HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Our study is a single-centre, prospective, and echocardiography-based study. Consecutive HFmrEF patients, defined as HF patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 40 and 49%, between January 2016 to December 2021 were included. Echocardiography was re-examined at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up to assess the LVRR dynamically. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass, fat-free mass, percent body fat (PBF), CUN-BAE index, and lean mass index (LMI) were adopted as anthropometric parameters in our study to assess body composition. The primary outcome was LVRR, defined as: (1) a reduction higher than 10% in LV end-diastolic diameter index (LVEDDI), or a LVEDDI < 33 mm/m2, (2) an absolute increase of LVEF higher than 10 points compared with baseline echocardiogram, or a follow-up LVEF ≥50%. The secondary outcome was a composite of re-hospitalization for HF or cardiovascular death. A total of 240 HFmrEF patients were enrolled in our formal analysis. After 1-year follow-up based on echocardiography, 113 (47.1%) patients developed LVRR. Patients with LVRR had higher fat mass (21.7 kg vs. 19.3 kg, P = 0.034) and PBF (28.7% vs. 26.6%, P = 0.047) compared with those without. The negative correlation between anthropometric parameters and baseline LVEDDI was significant (all P < 0.05). HFmrEF patients with higher BMI, fat mass, PBF, CUN-BAE index, and LMI had more pronounced and persistent increase of LVEF and decline in LV mass index (LVMI). Univariable Cox regression analysis revealed that higher BMI (HR 1.042, 95% CI 1.002–1.083, P = 0.037) and fat mass (HR 1.019, 95% CI 1.002–1.036, P = 0.026) were each significantly associated with higher cumulative incidence of LVRR for HFmrEF patients, while this relationship vanished in the adjusted model. Mediation analysis indicated that the association between BMI and fat mass with LVRR was fully mediated by baseline LV dilation. Furthermore, higher fat mass (aHR 0.957, 95% CI 0.917–0.999, P = 0.049) and PBF (aHR 0.963, 95% CI 0.924–0.976, P = 0.043) was independently associated with lower risk of adverse clinical events. Body composition played an important role in the LVRR and clinical outcomes for HFmrEF. For HFmrEF patients, BMI and fat mass was positively associated with the cumulative incidence of LVRR, while higher fat mass and PBF predicted lower risk of adverse clinical events but not LMI.