Utilization of banana peel as bio-filler to develop bio-composite materials and characterize their physical, mechanical, thermal, and tribological characteristics

Abstract

The widespread availability of banana peels makes them an excellent resource for bio-fillers in developing environmentally conscious and biodegradable composites, serving as substitutes for plastic and synthetic waste. This study focuses on using banana peel waste as a bio-filler to produce lighter and cheaper materials. The extracted banana peels were subjected to alkali treatment to improve interfacial interaction, and their crystalline performance, functional categories, and morphological studies were examined using XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. Composite samples were fabricated with varying bio-filler ratios (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) to examine their thermo-mechanical and tribological attributes. The inclusion of banana peel in the epoxy matrix at up to 5% significantly enhanced mechanical performance, while 7.5% composites demonstrated higher thermal endurance with a degradation temperature of 395 °C and reduced water retention. Frictional wear of the specimens was assessed by varying sliding speeds under different loads, with the highest coefficient of friction and temperature observed under a 30 N force for BPC-10.0 specimens. This research innovatively uses banana peel powder (approx. 65 µm) to create polymeric composites, addressing the need for sustainable materials with higher specific modulus and strength compared to conventional substances. The study uniquely evaluates the physical, mechanical, structural, and tribological efficiency of raw and processed banana peel particles, with chemical modifications improving crystallinity and interfacial bonding. This comprehensive approach provides vital insights for developing sustainable alternatives to reduce plastic usage.