Insights into the biodegradation process of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid under anaerobic condition

Abstract

Chlorophenoxy compounds represent a group of selective herbicides widely used around the world. Chlorophenoxy herbicides are toxic, chemically stable, and can migrate into groundwater through soil leaching, posing a significant threat to drinking water safety and human health. Chlorophenoxy herbicides in groundwater aquifers are subject to anaerobic processes; however, the pathway and microbiology involved in the attenuation of chlorophenoxy herbicides under anaerobic condition are largely unknown. Here, the anaerobic degradation process of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), a typical chlorophenoxy herbicide, was investigated. The initial 52.5 ± 2.3 μM 2,4,5-T was completely degraded by a sediment-derived microbial consortium, with 3,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and phenol being identified as the intermediate products. Reductive dechlorination of 3-CP to phenol and the subsequent elimination of phenol were the key transformation steps in the overall degradation process of 2,4,5-T. Amplicon sequencing suggested that Dehalobacter, Sulfuricurvum, Bacteroides, Acetobacterium, and Clostridium sensu stricto 7 might contribute to the transformation of 2,4,5-T to phenol, and Smithella, Syntrophorhabdus, Methanofollis and Methanosaeta likely cooperated to accomplish the complete mineralization of phenol. This study reported the anaerobic degradation of 2,4,5-T via reductive dechlorination and the subsequent syntrophic metabolization of phenol, an intermediate product transformed from 2,4,5-T. Dehalobacter was identified as the organohalide-respiring population catalyzing the reductive dechlorination reaction. Syntrophorhabdus and methanogenic populations were likely involved in anaerobic phenol oxidation and facilitated the complete mineralization of 2,4,5-T.