Evaluation of the biodegradability of hazardous industrial solid waste: Study of key parameters

Abstract

The biological stability of solid waste is one of the main problems related to the environmental impact of landfills and their long-term emission potential. Current European legislation (European Landfill Directive, EC/99/31) introduced the need to reduce biodegradable organic compounds deposited in landfills; however, it set neither official parameters nor methods to define the stability of such a waste. In Spain, biodegradability is generally evaluated using the biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD₅/COD) ratio, measuring it on the leachate, thus not considering the non-soluble fraction and therefore creating false negatives. To solve this problem, the biodegradability of hazardous industrial waste has been determined by measuring its respirometric activity (AT₄). Our results show that the measure of the AT₄ is independent of the enrichment with a microbial inoculum, and a sample size no higher than 20 g could be a reasonable value for a sensitive biodegradability determination. The highest respirometric index is obtained in waste with pH values between 6.5 and 10.5. Furthermore, respirometric biodegradability values are independent of traditional parameters of organic matter characterization such as BOD₅/COD ratio, volatile content, and total and dissolved organic carbon. Consequently, the AT₄ parameter provides new information on the composition and stability of organic matter in hazardous industrial waste. Its incorporation into pre-disposal waste characterization protocols allows to identify waste that exceeds recommended biodegradability thresholds. This approach ensures that only waste meeting specified biodegradability standards is deposited, avoiding landfill emissions and related environmental impacts, and thereby improving the overall effectiveness and sustainability of waste management practices.