The Draparnaldia genome: alternative mechanisms for multicellularity and terrestrialization in green plants

Abstract

Green plants contain two algal lineages: Streptophyte algae that diverged into land plants and Chlorophyte algae that are mostly aquatic. Draparnaldia is a Chlorophyte alga morphologically resembling mosses and living in both, the aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Because of its complex morphology and terrestrial adaptations, Draparnaldia can provide new insights into the evolution of multicellularity and terrestrialization in green plants. To develop Draparnaldia into a model, we de novo sequenced its genome and transcriptomes, and profiled its phytohormone repertoire. We found that 1) Expanded gene families in Draparnaldia with respect to unicellular Chlamydomonas are linked to multicellularity and abiotic stresses. 2) Draparnaldias terrestrial adaptations are reflected at both the morphological and molecular levels. 3) Draparnaldia synthesizes most of the phytohormones used by land plants to thrive in terrestrial habitats. All of this makes Draparnaldia a powerful model to uncover and study alternative evolutionary trajectories towards multicellularity and terrestrialization in plants.