Ferulic Acid Regulates GSDMD through the ROS/JNK/Bax Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway to Induce Pyroptosis in Lung Cancer

Abstract

Background: To improve the prognosis outcome of lung cancer patients, more investigations are still needed. Previous reports have demonstrated the function of Ferulic Acid (FA) in lung cancer; thus, we have attempted to probe more molecular mechanisms underlying FA application in lung cancer. Methods: CCK8 and colony formation experiments have been employed to explore cell viability and proliferation. Cell apoptosis was evaluated through flow cytometry. Cell morphology was observed with a microscope. MMP was assessed by JC-1 and LDH activity was evaluated by relative kit. Western blot assays were performed to examine the expression levels of GSDMD, GSDMD-N, caspase family proteins, and ROS/JNK/Bax mitochondrial apoptosis pathway downstream proteins. Flow cytometry analysis also measured the level of ROS. Tissues from animal models were taken for IHC analysis of C-caspase-1. Results: FA was found to inhibit proliferation, change cell morphology, decrease MMP, and enhance LDH activity, suggesting its ability to induce pyroptosis of lung cancer cells. Both caspase-1 and GSDMD were found to be involved in the pyroptosis of lung cancer cells treated with FA, and caspase-1 mediated GSDMD. Moreover, FA was validated to regulate pyroptosis by ROS/JNK/Bax mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: In summary, FA regulates GSDMD through ROS/JNK/Bax mitochondrial apoptosis pathway to induce pyroptosis in lung cancer cells, which may offer a theoretical basis for pyroptosis in the occurrence of lung cancer.