Comprehensive assessment of corneal microstructural changes following V4c implantable collamer lens surgery using in vivo confocal microscopy

Abstract

Implantable Collamer Lense (ICL) presents a viable alternative to conventional refractive surgeries, but their impact on corneal microstructure remains unclear. By employing in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we examined changes in stromal and endothelial cells following the insertion of V4c ICLs, with the goal of enhancing post-surgical care and outcomes. In this longitudinal investigation, we conducted detailed preoperative assessments on 103 eyes from 53 participants. Follow-up evaluations were carried out after surgery at set intervals: one day, one week, one month, three months, six months, and twelve months. We used IVCM to analyze changes in stromal and endothelial cells. To assess differences between pre- and post-surgery variables and to investigate correlations with age, axial length (AL), and spherical equivalent refraction (SER), we applied a repeated measures mixed-effects model, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. No vision-threatening complications were reported post-surgery. Significant reductions in stromal cell density (SCD) were observed postoperatively, with anterior and mid- SCD reaching their lowest values at 3 months and posterior SCD at 1 month, remaining below baseline at 12 months. endothelial cell density (ECD) and percentage of hexagonal cells (PHC) decreased initially, recovering by 12 months. Conversely, endothelial cellular area (ECA) and coefficient of variation of cell size (CoV) increased postoperatively, with the most significant change at 1 week. Endothelial deposits were detected in 49 of 101 eyes on postoperative day 1, half of them were absorbed within 3 months post-surgery. Changes in posterior SCD were negatively related to AL, while AL, SER, lens thickness showed associated with endothelium changes. Our findings elucidate the corneal microstructural changes following V4c ICL implantation, particularly the significant early reductions in stromal and endothelial cell densities. We recommend careful management of viscoelastics during surgery to minimize endothelial deposits that may harm the endothelium. Enhanced early postoperative monitoring and these surgical adjustments can lead to improved surgical and post-surgical care, ultimately supporting better patient recovery.