Memory problems in elderly people with traumatic brain injury.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of various therapy methods in elderly individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), taking into account the degree of memory loss and the severity of the injury. The study was conducted in 2022 in Moscow, Russia, and Sofia, Bulgaria, involving six clinics. A total of 200 elderly patients with TBI participated in the study, with a mean age of 72 years. Patients were categorized into groups based on the degree of memory loss and severity of the injury. Standardized tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and Free, and Cued Selective Reminding Test, were used to assess cognitive functions. The Progressive Learning Test evaluated patients' ability to memorize and reproduce information over time. Groups receiving physical therapy and cognitive rehabilitation showed statistically significant improvement in cognitive functions compared to other therapy methods. Specifically, the mean score of the MMSE in these groups increased by 7 points (p < .001). Patients with more severe memory loss demonstrated more pronounced improvement in cognitive functions following the integrated therapy approach. The mean MMSE score increased by 10 points (p < .001), whereas in patients with milder memory loss, the growth was less significant (mean increase of 5 points, p < .05). Groups receiving physical therapy and cognitive rehabilitation consistently demonstrated significantly better results compared to speech therapy and psychological support throughout the study period.