Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Virology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment, and Artificial Intelligence Applications.

IF 2.9 Q1 EMERGENCY MEDICINE Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine Pub Date : 2024-09-17 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.22037/aaem.v12i1.2491
Erfan Rahmani, Ziba Bayat, Mehrdad Farrokhi, Shiva Karimian, Reza Zahedpasha, Hamed Sabzehie, Sepehr Ramezani Poor, Parisa Jafari Khouzani, Solmaz Aminpour, Mohammad Karami, Omid Afsharjahanshahi, Maryam Sharifi, Behnaz Dalvandi, Reza Dalvandi, Amirhossein Esfahani, Maryam Alaei, Mahtab Mirbolouk, Fateme Moradi, Amitis Nozari, Seyed Mohammad Shahab Mirabedini, Mahrokh Janmohamadi, Sara Moghimi, Farzaneh Nikfarjam, Faezeh Jalayer Sarnaghy, Amirhossein Mirbolook, Mohammad Pirouzan, Mozhdeh Mohammadi Virsoudi, Atousa Moghadam Fard, Mehdi Nikandishnobar, Hossein Boustani Hezarani, Mohammadreza Fadavighafari, Masoud Farrokhi
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Abstract

Monkeypox (Mpox), an uncommon zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, is commonly manifested by blisters on the skin and has a mortality rate of approximately 0-10%. Approximately two decades after the cessation of global smallpox vaccination, the number of confirmed cases of Mpox has been growing, making it the most common Orthopoxvirus infection. Therefore, in this narrative review, we aimed to shed light on recent advancements in the pathophysiology, transmission routes, epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Mpox, as well as the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods for predicting this disease. The clinical manifestations of Mpox, including the onset of symptoms and dermatologic characteristics, are similar to those of the infamous smallpox, but Mpox is clinically milder. Notably, a key difference between smallpox and Mpox is the high prevalence of lymphadenopathy. Human-to-human, animal-to-human, and animal-to-animal transmission are the three main pathways of Mpox spread that must be considered for effective prevention, particularly during outbreaks. PCR testing, as the preferred method for diagnosing Mpox infection, can enhance early detection of new cases and thereby improve infection control measures. JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are among the vaccines most commonly recommended for the prevention of Mpox. Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, and Tecovirimat are the primary treatments for Mpox cases. Similar to other viral infections, the best approach to managing Mpox is prevention. This can, in part, be achieved through measures such as reducing contact with individuals displaying symptoms, maintaining personal safety, and adhering to practices commonly used to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

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猴痘:全面回顾病毒学、流行病学、传播、诊断、预防、治疗和人工智能应用。
猴痘(Mpox)是一种不常见的人畜共患正痘病毒,通常表现为皮肤上的水泡,死亡率约为 0-10%。全球停止接种天花疫苗约二十年后,确诊的猴痘病例数量不断增加,使其成为最常见的正痘病毒感染。因此,在这篇叙述性综述中,我们旨在阐明天花病毒在病理生理学、传播途径、流行病学、表现、诊断、预防和治疗方面的最新进展,以及应用人工智能(AI)方法预测该疾病的情况。水痘的临床表现,包括发病和皮肤特征,与臭名昭著的天花相似,但水痘的临床症状较轻。值得注意的是,天花与痘病的主要区别在于淋巴结病的高发病率。人传人、动物传人和动物传动物是天花传播的三个主要途径,必须考虑到这一点才能有效预防,尤其是在疫情爆发时。聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测是诊断麻风腮病毒感染的首选方法,可提高新病例的早期发现率,从而改善感染控制措施。JYNNEOS 和 ACAM2000 是最常被推荐用于预防麻痘的疫苗。Brincidofovir、Cidofovir 和 Tecovirimat 是治疗水痘病例的主要药物。与其他病毒感染类似,治疗水痘的最佳方法是预防。这在一定程度上可以通过减少与出现症状者的接触、维护人身安全和遵守预防性传播感染的常用做法等措施来实现。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine
Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine Medicine-Emergency Medicine
CiteScore
8.90
自引率
7.40%
发文量
0
审稿时长
6 weeks
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