{"title":"Importance of Zinc Homeostasis for Normal Cardiac Rhythm.","authors":"Pejman Kokhabi, Reza Mollazadeh, Seyedeh Fatemeh Hejazi, Aida Hossein Nezhad, Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi","doi":"10.2174/011573403X299868240904120621","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current arrhythmia therapies such as ion channel blockers, catheter ablation, or implantable cardioverter defibrillators have limitations and side effects, and given the proarrhythmic risk associated with conventional, ion channel-targeted anti-arrhythmic drug therapies, a new approach to arrhythmias may be warranted. Measuring and adjusting the level of particular ions that impact heart rhythm can be a simple and low-complication strategy for preventing or treating specific arrhythmias. In addition, new medicines targeting these ions may effectively treat arrhythmias. Numerous studies have shown that intracellular and extracellular zinc concentrations impact the heart's electrical activity. Zinc has been observed to affect cardiac rhythm through a range of mechanisms. These mechanisms encompass the modulation of sodium, calcium, and potassium ion channels, as well as the influence on beta-adrenergic receptors and the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Moreover, zinc can either counteract or induce oxidative stress, hinder calmodulin or the enzyme Ca (2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), regulate cellular ATP levels, affect the processes of aging and autophagy, influence calcium ryanodine receptors, and control cellular inflammation. Additionally, zinc has been implicated in the modulation of circadian rhythm. Additionally, zinc has been implicated in the modulation of circadian rhythm. In all the above cases, the effect of zinc largely depends on the normal or increased cellular level of zinc, which shows the importance of maintaining the serum and intracellular levels of zinc within the normal range.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Current Cardiology Reviews","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X299868240904120621","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Current arrhythmia therapies such as ion channel blockers, catheter ablation, or implantable cardioverter defibrillators have limitations and side effects, and given the proarrhythmic risk associated with conventional, ion channel-targeted anti-arrhythmic drug therapies, a new approach to arrhythmias may be warranted. Measuring and adjusting the level of particular ions that impact heart rhythm can be a simple and low-complication strategy for preventing or treating specific arrhythmias. In addition, new medicines targeting these ions may effectively treat arrhythmias. Numerous studies have shown that intracellular and extracellular zinc concentrations impact the heart's electrical activity. Zinc has been observed to affect cardiac rhythm through a range of mechanisms. These mechanisms encompass the modulation of sodium, calcium, and potassium ion channels, as well as the influence on beta-adrenergic receptors and the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Moreover, zinc can either counteract or induce oxidative stress, hinder calmodulin or the enzyme Ca (2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), regulate cellular ATP levels, affect the processes of aging and autophagy, influence calcium ryanodine receptors, and control cellular inflammation. Additionally, zinc has been implicated in the modulation of circadian rhythm. Additionally, zinc has been implicated in the modulation of circadian rhythm. In all the above cases, the effect of zinc largely depends on the normal or increased cellular level of zinc, which shows the importance of maintaining the serum and intracellular levels of zinc within the normal range.
目前的心律失常疗法,如离子通道阻滞剂、导管消融术或植入式心律转复除颤器等,都有其局限性和副作用,考虑到传统的、以离子通道为靶点的抗心律失常药物疗法有导致心律失常的风险,可能需要一种新的方法来治疗心律失常。测量和调整影响心律的特定离子水平是预防或治疗特定心律失常的一种简单而低复杂度的策略。此外,针对这些离子的新药可有效治疗心律失常。大量研究表明,细胞内和细胞外的锌浓度会影响心脏的电活动。据观察,锌通过一系列机制影响心律。这些机制包括对钠、钙和钾离子通道的调节,以及对β-肾上腺素能受体和腺苷酸环化酶的影响。此外,锌还能抵消或诱导氧化应激、阻碍钙调蛋白或钙(2+)/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶 II(CaMKII)、调节细胞 ATP 水平、影响衰老和自噬过程、影响钙离子雷诺丁受体以及控制细胞炎症。此外,锌还与昼夜节律的调节有关。此外,锌还与昼夜节律的调节有关。在上述所有情况下,锌的作用在很大程度上取决于细胞内锌水平的正常或增加,这表明了将血清和细胞内锌水平保持在正常范围内的重要性。
期刊介绍:
Current Cardiology Reviews publishes frontier reviews of high quality on all the latest advances on the practical and clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. All relevant areas are covered by the journal including arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, drugs, methodology, pacing, and preventive cardiology. The journal is essential reading for all researchers and clinicians in cardiology.